• 한국의류학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.613-624
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• 2015

This study examined: 1) the effect of store density on perceived crowding 2) the difference of perceived price benefit of sale by store density 3) the effect of perceived price benefit and store density on perceived crowding and 4) the effect of perceived crowding and price benefit on shopping behaviors. Store density and perceived crowding were categorized into social and spatial dimensions. Data were collected with 6 (high, medium, and low social and spatial densities) * 2 (sale and no-sale) between-subjects experimental designs. A total of 395 responses were analyzed. The results revealed that social density affected social crowding, but spatial density had no effect on perceived crowding. Price benefit of sale was not different by store density. The sale itself did not affect perceived crowding. Under the social density situation, perceived price benefit reduced spatial crowding and social crowding showed a positive effect on purchase behavior while spatial crowding had a negative effect. However, the most important effect on purchase behavior was price benefit. The study implies that social density (not spatial density) is important for consumer behavior and retail strategies.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.99-112
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates via a spatial lag model from the perspective of space economy to find the influencing factors of South Korea's OFDI along with 60 countries. Design/methodology - In the study of regional economic phenomena, we must first test the corresponding spatial correlation, and on this basis, complete the construction of the spatial model. For the target research object, after testing the spatial correlation, if there is spatial correlation, a spatial measurement model is needed. This paper uses the global Moran's I index for calculation. Based on the characteristics and research needs of the research object, this paper selects the spatial lag model to verify the existence of the spatial effect and factors affecting OFDI. Findings - Our results show that export scale, infrastructure, technology level, political stability, resource endowment, market size, distance and labor cost have a certain impact on Korea's OFDI, but at present the distance and market size factors are the most important influencing factors for South Korea's OFDI, The technical level and political stability have little effect on South Korea's OFDI, and are not main factors determining South Korea's OFDI. Originality/value - Through spatial measurement verification, it was found that the spatial effect has a significant impact on OFDI, along with more than 60 countries. On this basis, relevant suggestions are put forward, which have strong practical significance for South Korea's OFDI to achieve healthy and sustainable development.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.557-566
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• 2019

The evaluation of the seismic hazard for a given site is to estimate the seismic ground motion at the surface. This is the result of the combination of the action of the seismic source, which generates seismic waves, the propagation of these waves between the source and the site, and site local conditions. The aim of this work is to evaluate the sensitivity of dynamic response of extended structures to spatial variable ground motions (SVGM). All factors of spatial variability of ground motion are considered, especially local site effect. In this paper, a method is presented to simulate spatially varying earthquake ground motions. The scheme for generating spatially varying ground motions is established for spatial locations on the ground surface with varying site conditions. In this proposed method, two steps are necessary. Firstly, the base rock motions are assumed to have the same intensity and are modelled with a filtered Tajimi-Kanai power spectral density function. An empirical coherency loss model is used to define spatial variable seismic ground motions at the base rock. In the second step, power spectral density function of ground motion on surface is derived by considering site amplification effect based on the one dimensional seismic wave propagation theory. Several dynamics analysis of a curved viaduct to various cases of spatially varying seismic ground motions are performed. For comparison, responses to uniform ground motion, to spatial ground motions without considering local site effect, to spatial ground motions with considering coherency loss, phase delay and local site effects are also calculated. The results showed that the generated seismic signals are strongly conditioned by the local site effect. In the same sense, the dynamic response of the viaduct is very sensitive of the variation of local geological conditions of the site. The effect of neglecting local site effect in dynamic analysis gives rise to a significant underestimation of the seismic demand of the structure.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.765-773
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• 2008

Spatial correlation is a result of insufficient antenna spacing among multiple antenna elements, while temporal correlation is caused by Doppler spread. This paper compares the effect of spatial and temporal correlation in order to investigate the performance of multiuser scheduling algorithms in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channels. This comparison includes the effect on the ergodic capacity, on fairness among users, and on the sum-rate capacity of a multiuser scheduling algorithm utilizing statistical channel state information in spatio-temporally correlated MIMO broadcast channels. Numerical results demonstrate that temporal correlation is more meaningful than spatial correlation in view of the multiuser scheduling algorithm in MIMO broadcast channels. Indeed, the multiuser scheduling algorithm can reduce the effect of the Doppler spread if it exploits the information of temporal correlation appropriately. However, the effect of spatial correlation can be minimized if the antenna spacing is sufficient in rich scattering MIMO channels regardless of the multiuser scheduling algorithm used.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.138-140
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of spatial resolutions on the accuracy to landslide susceptibility mapping. For this, landslide locations were identified in the Boun, Korea from interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys. The topographic, soil, forest, geologic, linearment and land use data were collected, processed and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and remote sensing data. The 15 factors that influence landslide occurrence were extracted and calculated from the spatial database with 5m, 10m, 30m, 100m and 200m spatial resolutions. Landslide hazardous area were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors by probability model, likelihood ratio, for the five cases spatial resolutions. The results of the analysis were verified using the landslide location data. In the cases of spatial resolution 5m, 10m and 30m, the verification results was similar, but in the cases of 100m and 200m the results worse than the others. Because the scale of input data was 1:5,000 ? 1:50,000, so the cases of 5m, 10m and 30m have similar accuracy but the cases of 100m and 200m have the lower accuracy. From this, there is an effect of spatial resolutions on accuracy and landslide susceptibility mapping the result is dependent on input map.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.116-133
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• 2021

Purpose - Intra-industry trade of agricultural products can eliminate the disadvantage of Korea's traditional agriculture and improve its lack of comparative advantage. The main purpose of this paper is to measure the level and index of intra-industry trade of Korean agricultural products and to explore the spatial dependence and spillover effect associated with this type of trade. The main factors influencing intra-agricultural trade are analyzed from two perspectives: the population and the classification of agricultural products. Design/methodology - First, the level of intra-industry trade of Korean agricultural products is measured. Second, to obtain a more accurate estimate of the influence of various factors, and based on two types of weight matrices, a spatial econometric model is constructed from two aspects: population and classification of agricultural products. The status and the factors influencing intra-industry trade are also studied. Findings - It is concluded that there is a positive spatial correlation between Korea's intra-industry trade in agricultural products and that of its trading partners. The spatial spillover effect of this type of trade is verified by using the spatial autoregressive model (SAR). Labor-intensive agricultural products are found to have a positive spillover effect on intra-industry trade, while land-intensive products do not have a significant effect. Originality/value - In this paper, the two types of agricultural products are meticulously distinguished, and the spatial effect of the intra-industry trade of agricultural products as well as the influence of various factors are analyzed. In addition, the accuracy of the estimation of the coefficients of the factors by using the spatial econometric model is higher than that of the ordinary panel data model.

• 인지과학
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 시각적 요인에 따라 한글 단어 재인에 미치는 공간주의의 영향을 살펴보았다. 시각적 요인에 따라 공간주의의 영향이 다르게 나타나는지 살펴보기 위해 단어의 시각적 복잡성(실험 1)과 단어의 밝기 대비(실험 2)를 조작하였다. 단어의 복잡성에 따라 받침이 있는 조건과 받침이 없는 조건으로 나뉘었고, 단어의 대비에 따라 대비가 높은 조건과 대비가 낮은 조건으로 나뉘었다. 어휘판단과제를 사용하여 공간단서가 표적 위치에 주어지는 경우(타당 시행)와 표적 위치에 주어지지 않는 경우(비타당 시행) 간의 수행 차이를 단서효과로 계산하여 주의의 영향을 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 단어의 복잡성에 따라서는 단서효과가 유사하게 나타났으므로, 공간주의의 영향은 복잡성에 의해 달라지지 않는 것으로 해석되었다. 단어의 대비에 따라서는 고대비 조건에 비해 저대비 조건에서 단서효과가 크게 나타났다. 대비가 낮을 때 공간주의의 영향이 더 커지는 것은 자극의 신호를 강화시키는 공간주의의 기제로 설명되었다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제26호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2001

This study is on the relations between space boundary system and spatial effects. The system is consist of circulation axis & territory and vision axis & vision limit. The former is the spatial characteristic and the later is the time one. The purpose of this case study is confirm the correlation of the both and the spatial effect which is caused by space boundary system. Boundary is enable us to cognize 'territory' and intermediary of each territories. The facts that forms space boundary system are circulation axis & territory and vision axis & vision limit. The space boundary system could be categorized by congregation of these facts. and categorizing is determined with agreement degree of each couple of facts. Categorizing facts on the space boundary system are relevant to spatial effect, especially territory, directness, continuity and concentration.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.228-242
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• 2020

In recent years, interest in the welfare of soldiers is increasing. More specifically, soldiers enlisted to fulfill their military service obligations live a group life that is controlled by group life, unlike military officers selected by their will. Therefore, this study aims to verify whether there is an effect of improving the morale of soldiers by increasing the satisfaction of military service meals along with the trend of increasing morale through enhancement of soldier welfare. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, we surveyed 145 army soldiers working in the front and rear areas and used 137 valid samples for analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, both SERVQUAL (Responsiveness·Assurance, Tangibles) and Servicescape (Spatial Environment, Spatial Design) had a positive (+) effect on military meal satisfaction. Second, military service satisfaction and emotional commitment have a positive (+) effect on morale. Third, satisfaction with military meals has a positive effect on emotional commitment. This research has also shown that improvements in SERVQUAL (Responsiveness·Assurance, Tangibles) and Servicescape (Spatial Environment, Spatial Design) improve military service satisfaction and emotional engagement. Military food service SERVQUAL (Responsiveness·Assurance, Tangibles) and Servicescape (Spatial Environment, Space Design) must pay attention to increase military morale.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.2650-2658
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• 2024

In this paper, we use a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation based on Geant4 to investigate the influence of four parameters on the spatial resolution of the lens-coupled lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO) scintillator, including the thickness of the LYSO scintillator, the F-number and minification factor of the lens, and the incident position of the gamma-rays. Simulation results show that when the gamma-rays are incident along the lens axis, the smaller the thickness, the larger the F-number, the larger the minification factor, the higher the spatial resolution, with an isotropic point spread function (PSF). As the incident position of the gamma-rays deviates from the lens axis, the spatial resolution decreases, and the PSF becomes anisotropic. In addition, by analyzing the whole physical process of the lens-coupled LYSO scintillator from gamma-rays to secondary electrons to fluorescence photons, we aim to provide a detailed analysis of the influence of each parameter on the spatial resolution. The results show that the PSF of the secondary electrons energy deposition is almost constant in the simulation, which determines the upper limit of the spatial resolution. Meanwhile, the dispersion process of the fluorescence photons can explain the reason why each parameter affects the spatial resolution.