• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2000

The positions of Xe atoms encapsulated in the molecular-dimensioned cavities of fully dehydrated Na-A have been determined. Na-A was exposed to 1050atm of xenon gas at 400 $^{\circ}C$ for seven days, followed by cooling at pressure to encapsulate Xe atoms. The resulting crystal structure of Na-A(7Xe) (a = 12.249(1) $\AA$, $R_1$ = 0.065, and $R_2$ = 0.066) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1) $^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. In the crystal structure of Na-A(7Xe), seven Xe atoms per unit cell are distributed over four crystallographically distinct positions: one Xe atom at Xe(1) lies at the center of the sodalite unit, two Xe atoms at Xe(4) are found opposite four-rings in the large cavity, and four Xe atoms, two at Xe(2) and others at Xe(3), respectively, occupy positions opposite and between eight- and six-rings in the large cavity. Relatively strong interactions of Xe atoms at Xe(2) and Xe(3) with $Na^+$ ions of four-, eight-, and six-rings are observed:Na(1)-Xe(2) = 3.09(6), Na(2)-Xe(3) = 3.11(2), and Na(3)-Xe(2) = 3.37(8) $\AA$. In each sodalite unit, one Xe atom is located at its center. In each large cavity, six Xe atoms are found, forming a distorted octahedral arrangement with four Xe atoms, at equatorial positions (each two at Xe(2) and Xe(3)) and the other two at axial positions (at Xe(4)). With various reasonable distances and angles, the existence of $(Xe)_6$ cluster is proposed (Xe(2)-Xe(3) = 4.78(6) and 4.94(7), Xe(2)-Xe(4) = 4.71(6) and 5.06(6), Xe(3)-Xe(4) = 4.11(3) and 5.32(4) $\AA$, Xe(2)-Xe(3)-Xe(2) = 93(1), Xe(3)-Xe(2)-Xe(3) = 87(1), Xe(2)-Xe(4)-Xe(2) = 91(4), Xe(2)-Xe(4)-Xe(3) = 55(2), 59(1), 61(1), and 68(1), and Xe(3)-Xe(4)-Xe(3) = 89($^{\circ}1$)). These arrangements of the encapsulated Xe atoms in the large cavity are stabilized by alternating dipoles induced on Xe(2), Xe(3), and Xe(4) by eight- and six-ring $Na^+$ ions as well as four-ring oxygens, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1023-1029
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• 2001

The positions of Kr atoms encapsulated in the molecular-dimensioned cavities of fully dehydrated zeolite A of unit-cell composition Cs3Na8HSi12Al12O48 (Cs3-A) have been determined. Cs3-A was exposed to 1025 atm of krypton gas at 400 $^{\circ}C$ for four days, followed by cooling at pressure to encapsulate Kr atoms. The resulting crystal structure of Cs3-A(6Kr) (a = $12.247(2)\AA$, R1 = 0.078, and R2 = 0.085) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at $21(1)^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. In the crystal structure of Cs3-A(6Kr), six Kr atoms per unit cell are distributed over three crystallographically distinct positions: each unit cell contains one Kr atom at Kr(1) on a threefold axis in the sodalite unit, three at Kr(2) opposite four-rings in the large cavity, and two at Kr(3) on threefold axes in the large cavity. Relatively strong interactions of Kr atoms at Kr(1) and Kr(3) with Na+ ions of six-rings are observed: Na-Kr(1) = 3.6(1) $\AA$ and Na-Kr(3) = $3.08(5)\AA.$ In each sodalite unit, one Kr atom at Kr(1) was displaced $0.74\AA$ from the center of the sodalite unit toward a Na+ ion, where it can be polarized by the electrostatic field of the zeolite, avoiding the center of the sodalite unit which by symmetry has no electrostatic field. In each large cavity, five Kr atoms were found, forming a trigonal-bipyramid arrangement with three Kr(2) atoms at equatorial positions and two Kr(3) atoms at axial positions. With various reasonable distances and angles, the existence of Kr5 cluster was proposed (Kr(2)-Kr(3) = $4.78(6)\AA$ and Kr(2)-Kr(2) = $5.94(7)\AA$, Kr(2)-Kr(3)-Kr(2) = 76.9(3), Kr(3)-Kr(2)-Kr(3) = 88(1), and Kr(2)-Kr(2)-Kr(2) = $60^{\circ}).$ These arrangements of the encapsulated Kr atoms in the large cavity are stabilized by alternating dipoles induced on Kr(2) by four-ring oxygens and Kr(3) by six-ring Na+ ions, respectively.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2021

Purpose: It is important to plan the ward module at a time when the size of beds, the floor area, and the construction budget are all set prior to the hospital design. In this context this study aims (1) to derive various factors affecting the ward module, and (2) to analyze the appropriate room module according to the type. Methods: Design factors related to hospital modules are derived through precedential studies, and the types of ward elevation are classified by reviewing the drawings of 18 case hospitals. And the detailed dimensions and area of the derived elements are analyzed. Results: The X-axis modules of the ward are switched to long span structural columns of 9.9 m, 12.6 m and 13.2 m, but the ward modules still represent 6.6 m. The Y-axis module of the ward shows a dimension of 9 to 9.9m in the process of changing a multi-person room into a four-person room. Type A of curtain wall with columns located on the wall of the room and type B of curtain wall located in the center of the room are analyzed due to their variations. The square window type, which forms the elevation of the square window by exposing the columns to the elevation, and the outframe type, which protrudes from the structural columns and beams, have elevation designs limited. There are, however, no obstacles to the interior space of the hospital room, so the wall composition and furniture arrangement are expected to be free. The ward area of Curtain Wall Type A, which can secure an effective area of 5.9m*5.0m, are 52.1m². The Curtain Wall Type A, Square window type, and the outframe type are 49.8m². Implications: As part of the hospital standard module plan for economical and reasonable hospital building planning, a type was proposed in this study in conjunction with the external design. It is hoped that it be a base for standard module research linked together to the Central Treatment department, Outpatient department and underground parking lot.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.545-556
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• 2021

In this study, we aimed to elucidate the materialistic characteristics of 11 pieces of earthenware belonging to the Neolithic and Bronze Age excavated from Jeongseon Auraji, South Korea. As a result, the chemical composition of earthenwares belonging to the early Bronze Age was distributed in the intermediate area between the Neolithic and Bronze Age earthenwares, but no significant difference was confirmed based on their manufacturing period. Upon comparison, the earthenwares excavated from Jeongseon Auraji site were found to comprise less acidic components than those excavated from Yeongdong, and are characterized by the alkaline components depending on the excavated site. In the rare earth elements distribution pattern, all the analyzed earthenwares exhibited similar pattern, confirming that the raw materials present in the clay were the same. As a result of microstructure analysis, the clay particles and voids were found to be irregularly distributed in the analyzed earthenwares. Neolithic earthenwares exhibited many irregular voids, and an arrangement of aluminosilicate, including feldspar, was observed along with the clay substrate. Furthermore, we confirmed that the empty space in early Bronze Age earthenwares was filled with fine particles and cube crystals. Moreover, the main mineral phase of earthenwares excavated from Jeongseon Auraji exhibited similar composition, and therefore, there was no significant difference in the firing temperature of these earthenwares. The firing temperature of the earthenwares ranged from 750 to 850℃.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.4-29
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• 2015

This article considered generally gradational change aspect, character of community for the tombs of the Three kingdoms prepared by some certain homogenous groups. It was completed by tracing the transfering process to grasp character of social structure and organizing System in the community. For this reason, it's analyzed that Wooden chamber tomb was formed in some certain Time-Space of the Yaksadong Buk-dong archaeological site in the Three Kingdom Period. Constructed group was distinguished by the five classes. So perhaps scale of Wooden chamber and sort, material of burial relics, the top layer and the upper layer were established two status those are active the ruling class led the Wooden chamber tomb's society, the general public hold a large majority from the middle class to the lowest class. And it depends on age(nonage-adult) that differed in relation of arrangement, character. It's changed with function or roles, property, purpose etc. of social community in accordance with these individual position, age. Received signification, value of social status were considered with social worth, faith. Members in a community had been conducted under premeditated, organised system for common target, relatedness. Also it seems to attempt organization's own maintenance, persistiveness in norms that given at common law. To do that, relation for combination between members who consisted systems had to be organic. The relation for combination was considered to form relation for the much larger community in based on blood relationship that most vital part. One social structure had established family(house, household) community in based on individual blood relationship, family communities gather up to develop into relative(blood relative, same race) community gradually. Furthermore, relative(blood relative, same race) communities, that focus on the public good gather up to develop into social community in based on regionalism. It's considered to go through the Development Process of family(house, household) community - relative(blood relative, same race) community - social community.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.692-705
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• 2018

Ground vibration is one of the remarkable issues in tunnel blasting. In recent studies, to improve the fragmentation with reduction of ground vibration in tunnel blasting, a vibration-controlled blasting method with artificial cutting slot near the center-cut holes has been suggested. This study examines the effect of the different arrangement of artificial cut-slot on the vibration reduction and fragmentation by performing the full-scaled concrete block blast experiments and the numerical simulations with 3D-DFPA. The results show that the existence of artificial slot contributes to the improvement of vibration reduction, blast fragmentation and the efficiency of the cutting slot blast. It can be explained that the artificial slot play a free surface role and should decrease the burden between the cut holes. Crater volumes of the blasted concrete blocks were measured by 3-dimensional digital image analysis and compared with the ideal standard crater volume which can be calculated by theoretical standard blast design method. As a result, the ratio of burden and hole diameter which should achieve the standard crater in the cut-hole blasting were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine whether the layout of wheelhouse and work environment of coastal improved stow net fishing boats affect the physical abnormalities of wheelhouse workers through a survey and to use it as basic data to improve the wheelhouse work environment. The analysis results are as follows. The result of factor analysis on the wheelhouse work environment was classified into three factors: suitability of work environment, suitability of work space arrangement, and layout of navigational and fishing equipment. The result of factor analysis on physical abnormalities was divided into two factors: physical pain and fatigue. The results of regression model analysis showing factors affecting physical pain showed that the t-value in the regression model was 3.625 (p < 0.05), indicating that the work environment suitability had an effect on the physical pain. Work environment suitability had a significantly positive effect on the physical pain. As work environment suitability increased by 1, the physical pain increased by 0.371 (p < 0.05). The results of regression model analysis showing the influencing factors on fatigue were found to have a t-value of 3.009 (p < 0.05) in the regression model, indicating that the work environment suitability had a significantly positive effect on the feeling of fatigue. It was found that fatigue increased by 0.324 (p < 0.05) as the work environment suitability increased by 1. In addition, the manageability of task suitability was found to be t = -2.521 (p > 0.05). As the manageability of task suitability increased, the skipper's fatigue level decreased. From these results, it is inferred that the wheelhouse of the current coastal improved stow net fishing boats causes physical pain and fatigue for the skippers. In order to reduce such physical pain and fatigue, and to improve safe fishing operation and job satisfaction, it is necessary to provide a wheelhouse to fishermen on coastal improved stow net fishing boats in consideration of the characteristics of the wheelhouse work of fishing boats and in consideration of users.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.182-197
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• 2011

This research was carried out to investigate the history and development process of the Bansu(泮水) which appeared uniquely at the Chinese 'temple-school(廟學)', Confucian schools as the common and necessary facility through the literature reviews and field surveys. The earliest record about the Bansu was shown in "The Book of Odes(詩經)". Originally Bansu was the water system which flowed near the 'Banpalace(泮宮)', but, in the following time, Bansu has become the symbol of the school which was built by the feudal lords and a very important element in the temple-school landscape. Temple-schools were started at Song(宋) Dynasty and at that time there was no certain form of Bansu, just the natural water course near the structure. Until Ming Dynasty, the "Picture of the Feudal lords' Ban-su" in the book "Samjedohoe(三才圖會)" that compiled by Wang-Xi(王圻), the form of Bansu was appeared to be transformed as the half-round pond. And the half-round pond as called Banji(泮池) of today's form was all rebuilt after Ming Dynasty. The half-moon pond appeared at the private houses, shrines, temples and villages were influenced by the book. From this research we can get the conclusions that Banji seemed one of the sacred one and used in the space arrangement formally for the various functions. This research has found the cultures of half-moon ponds which were used uniquely in China.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

In urban areas, structures are installed deep underground in the lower part of the structure to utilize space. Therefore, a retaining wall is used to prevent earth pressure from the ground when constructing a structure. Due to the development of construction technology, retaining wall applied to excavation work are used to prevent danger such as falling rocks and landslides in temporary facilities when construction or retaining walls are installed. In general, the application of a retaining wall to a temporary facility during the embankment construction is the case of expanding an existing roads or railways. Therefore, it is necessary to study the retaining wall applied to the embankment construction such as the double-track site of the high-speed railway. In this study, two types of common one row H-pile retaining wall and two types of IER retaining wall were analyzed, and the stability of the retaining wall applied to the construction of double-track of the high-speed railway was analyzed. The earth retaining wall is a construction method that combines forced pile applied to the stabilization of the slope with the wall of the earth retaining wall. As a result of the analysis, the IER retaining wall had maximum lateral displacement of 19.0% compared to the type with H-plie installed only in the front while dynamic load was applied. In addition, the slower the speed of high-speed railway, the more displacement occurred, and the results show that more caution is needed when designing the ground in low-speed sections.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 2022

It is essential for vertical smart farms that artificially grow crops in an enclosed space to properly utilize air environment facilities to create an appropriate growth environment. However, domestic vertical smart farm companies are creating a growing environment by relying on empirical data rather than systematic methods. Using IoT to create a growing environment based on systematic and precise monitoring can increase crop production yield and maximize profitability. This study aims to construct a monitoring system using IoT and to analyze the cause by demonstrating the imbalance of temperature environment, which is a significant factor in crop cultivation. 1) The horizontal temperature distribution of the multi-layer shelf was measured with different operating methods of LED and air conditioner. As a result, there was a temperature difference of "up to 1.7℃" between the sensors. 2) As a result of measuring the vertical temperature distribution, the temperature difference was "up to 6.3℃". In order to reduce this temperature gap, a strategy for proper arrangement and operation of air conditioning equipment is required.