• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.883-895
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of a fatty acid-balanced oil, instead of soybean oil, on reproductive performance, nutrient digestibility, blood indexes, milk composition in lactating sows, and fecal microbial composition in piglets. Methods: Twenty-four sows (Landrace×Yorkshire, mean parity 4.96) were randomly allotted to two treatments with twelve pens per treatment and one sow per pen based on their backfat thickness and parity. The experiment began on day 107 of gestation and continued until weaning on day 21 of lactation, lasting for 28 days. The control group (CG) was fed a basal diet supplemented with 2% soybean oil and the experimental group (EG) was fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% fatty acid-balanced oil. Results: The fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy in sows. The lower (p<0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin levels of sows were observed in the EG on day 21 of lactation. Dietary supplementation with the fatty acid-balanced oil decreased the fat content, increased the immunoglobulin G level, and changed (p<0.05) some fatty acid content in milk. Moreover, the fatty acid-balanced oil supplementation changed (p<0.05) the fecal microbial composition of piglets, where the average relative abundance of Spirochaetota was decreased (p<0.05) by 0.55% at the phylum level, and the average relative abundance of some potentially pathogenic fecal microorganism was decreased (p<0.05) at the species level. Conclusion: The fatty acid-balanced oil improved nutrient digestibility, changed the serum biochemical indices and milk composition of sows, and ameliorated the fecal microbial composition of piglets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.36.1-36.5
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• 2016

Background: Liquid feeding system has been introduced to domestic swine farms, but negative cognition about liquid feeding system has been remained for feed waste decay related with poor management and microbial contamination. For these reasons, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding method in lactating sows. Methods: A total of 30 mixed-parity (average 4.13) lactating sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with an initial BW of $218.8{\pm}19.5kg$ was used in a 3 week trial. Sows were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design by their body weight, backfat thickness, parity and alive litter weight. One of treatments was dry feeding and the other was liquid feeding (water to feed ratio, 1:1). Experimental diets contained 3265 kcal ME/kg, 12.6 % CP, 5.76 % EE, 1.09 % total lysine, 0.25 % total methionine, as fed basis. Results: Dry feeding treatment had high body weight loss rather than liquid feeding treatment (P = 0.04). Dry feeding treatment had tendency to increase litter weight at 21d of lactation (P = 0.06) and litter weight gain (P = 0.04) during lactation period (0-3 week). Sows fed dry feeding method made milk containing high content of casein and total solid rather than sows fed liquid feeding method (P = 0.04). In addition, dry feeding treatment had tendency to higher content of milk fat, protein and solid not fat on 21d of lactation (P = 0.07). Sows fed dry feeding type also showed higher milk energy content in milk of 21d lactation (P = 0.05). Furthermore, liquid feeding treatment showed high occurrence in feed waste during lactation period (P <0.01). Conclusion: Dry feeding method was more suitable feeding method to lactating sows under high temperature environment like lactating barn.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.264-274
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of β-glucan with vitamin E supplementation on the physiological response, litter performance, blood profiles, immune response, and milk composition of lactating sows. Methods: A total of 50 multiparous F₁ sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) with an average body weight (BW) of 233.6±4.30 kg and an average parity of 4.00±0.307 and their litters were used in this experiment. All sows were allotted to one of five treatments, taking into consideration BW, backfat thickness, and parity in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. The experimental diets included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet with or without 0.1% or 0.2% β-glucan and 110 IU vitamin E/kg diet. Results: All treatments added with β-glucan or vitamin E were statistically higher in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of lactating sows compared to those of the control (Diet, p<0.01). Additionally, the ADFI of lactating sows was significantly higher in the groups supplemented with 0.1% β-glucan compared to 0.2% β-glucan (BG, p<0.01). There was an increasing trend in piglet weight at weaning (BG, p = 0.07), litter weight at the 21st day of lactation (BG, p = 0.07) and litter weight gain (BG, p = 0.08) in groups supplemented with 0.1% β-glucan. The addition of 110 IU vitamin E/kg diet increased vitamin E concentration significantly in lactating sows (VE, p<0.01) and exhibited a trend for higher concentrations of vitamin E (VE, p = 0.09) in piglets. Adding 0.1% β-glucan compared to 0.2% β-glucan induced a decrease in the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α in lactating sows (BG, p = 0.06) and in piglets (BG, p = 0.09) on the 21st day of lactation. There were no significant differences in the milk composition of sows. Conclusion: Adding 0.1% β-glucan and 110 IU vitamin E/kg to a lactating sow's diet was beneficial to the growth performance of piglets by leading to an increase in the feed intake of sows and efficiently supplying vitamin E to both the sows and piglets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1263-1273
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows. Methods: Seventy-two multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) of average body weight (BW), backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 10 or 11 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets with different CP levels were as follows: i) CP11, corn-soybean-based diet containing 11% CP; ii) CP12, corn-soybean-based diet containing 12% CP; iii) CP13, corn-soybean-based diet containing 13% CP; iv) CP14, corn-soybean-based diet containing 14% CP; v) CP15, corn-soybean-based diet containing 15% CP; and vi) CP16: corn-soybean-based diet containing 16% CP. Results: There was no significant difference in the performance of sow or piglet growth when sows were fed different dietary protein levels. Milk fat (linear, p = 0.05) and total solids (linear, p = 0.04) decreased as dietary CP levels increased. Increasing dietary CP levels in the gestation diet caused a significant increase in creatinine at days 35 and 110 of gestation (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). The total protein in sows also increased as dietary CP levels increased during the gestation period and 24 hours postpartum (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). During the whole experimental period, an increase in urea in sows was observed when sows were fed increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01), and increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were observed as well. In the blood parameters of piglets, there were linear improvements in creatinine (linear, p = 0.01), total protein (linear, p = 0.01), urea (linear, p = 0.01), and BUN (linear, p = 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary CP as measured 24 hours postpartum. At two measurement points (days 35 and 110) of gestation, the odor gas concentration, including amine, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, increased linearly when sows fed diets with increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01). Moreover, as dietary CP levels increased to 16%, the odor gas concentration was increased with a quadratic response (quadratic, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP levels from 16% to 11% in a gestating diet did not exert detrimental effects on sow body condition or piglet performance. Moreover, a low protein diet (11% CP) may improve dietary protein utilization and metabolism to reduce odor gas emissions in manure and urine in gestating sows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude protein (CP) levels on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk quality, and blood profiles in gestating sows. A total of 59 multiparous sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with similar body weights (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 9 or 10 sows per treatment using a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement and completely randomized design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (13.40 or 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary protein levels based from 35 day in gestating phases (10.5%, 12%, and 13.5%). Backfat thickness change in lactating sows decreased linearly as CP level increased (p = 0.03). Increased energy level in the gestating sow diet tended to increase the total number of piglets born (p = 0.07), but piglet weight decreased (p = 0.02). Dietary CP level had a negative effect on colostrum quality. Casein, protein, total solid, and solids-not-fat concentrations decreased linearly and lactose level increased linearly as CP level in the gestating sow diet increased (casein%: p = 0.03; protein%: p = 0.04; lactose%: p = 0.06; total solids: p = 0.03; solid-not-fat: p = 0.03, respectively). However, improving ME by 0.42 MJ/kg had no significant effect on the chemical composition of sow colostrum. There were no significant differences in blood glucose concentration in gestating sows when sows were fed different levels of energy during gestation, but blood glucose increased at 21 day of lactation when energy increased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.04). Blood urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly when dietary CP levels increased at 110 day in gestation, 24-hours postpartum, and 21 days of lactation (linear, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively), and it also increased when dietary energy increased at 110 days of gestation and 24-hours postpartum (p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). A gestating sow diet containing 13.82 MJ/kg ME and 10.5% CP can improve reproductive performance, litter performance, and colostrum quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.774-780
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• 1998

This report includes an extensive bibliography of research articles investigating various facets of rearing neonatal piglets using liquid diets, and includes historical publications dating back to the 1940's. However, in order to provide concise and timely focus for application in modem swine production, only a selected number of recent findings are reviewed in detail. Collectively, the data presented illustrate that growth of piglets fed liquid diets can greatly exceed that of littermates fed dry diets and can even exceed growth rates of sow-reared controls (by up to 160%). The central questions that remain unanswered are: 1) Can this improved performance be obtained routinely and economically under applied farm conditions? and if so, 2) Does improved growth during the early-weaning period translate into improved net economic returns overall? Unfortunately, due to the current practical management constraints related to liquid-diet feeding (i.e., lack of an easy-to-manage feed delivery system), limited data are available which examine the efficacy of liquid-diet feeding under practical, commercial farm conditions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1860-1868
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of optimal trace mineral levels on the physiological responses, reproductive performance, litter performance, blood profiles and milk composition in gestating sows. Methods: A total of 59 multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) with similar body weight (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of four treatments with 14 or 15 sows per treatment using a completely randomized design. The treatments were 100% (M1), 300% (M3), 600% (M6), and 900% (M9) of the National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. During lactation period, all the sows were fed the same commercial lactation diet. Results: No significant differences were observed in the BW, BF, reproductive performance, milk composition, or growth performance of the piglets. On day 70 of gestation, the serum zinc concentration showed a quadratic response to M6 treatment (quadratic, p<0.05). Moreover, as the dietary mineral levels increased, the zinc concentration increased linearly at 110 days of gestation (linear, p<0.05). Furthermore, copper and iron concentrations in the serum of sows at 24 h postpartum decreased linearly when high levels of dietary minerals were provided (linear, p<0.05). In the serum of piglets, serum zinc concentrations decreased linearly (linear, p<0.05), and iron concentration showed a quadratic response (quadratic, p<0.05) with an increase in trace mineral premix levels in gestation diets. Conclusion: The current trace mineral requirements of NRC (2012) are suitable for gestating sows, and the addition of dietary mineral levels in the gestating diet did not show any improvements during the gestation and lactation periods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.745-752
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• 2007

본 시험은 복합효소제 함유 식물성단백질공급원이 포유모돈의 생산성, 영양소 소화율 및 돈유성상에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 모돈은 건강상태 및 산차를 고려하여 3처리, 처리당 10두씩 30두를 공시하였다. 사료는 1차로 분만 일주일 전부터 급여하고 2차로 분만 후부터 21일령 이유시까지 급여하였다. 시험설계는 1)CON(basal diet), 2)CGLT(included corn gluten) 및 3) FSPM(included fermented soy protein containing multienzyme)로 하였으며, 분만후 자돈은 모돈에 복당 10마리씩 균일하게 배치하였다. 포유모돈의 영양소 소화율에서는 질소 소화율에서 FSPM 처리구가 CON 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 포유모돈의 혈중 요소태질소 함량에서는 종료시에 FSPM 처리구가 CGLT 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05) 변화량에 있어서는 FSPM 처리구가 CON 및 CGLT 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 포유모돈의 모유내 지방 함량에서는 종료시에 FSPM 처리구가 CON 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05), 모유내 단백질 함량에서는 개시시에 FSPM 처리구가 CGLT 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 포유모돈의 직장온도 변화에 있어서는 세 처리 모두 유사한 변화를 보였다. 포유자돈의 성장률에서는 종료시체중, 증체량 및 일당증체량에서 FSPM 처리구가 CON 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05) CGLT 처리구는 CON 처리구보다 높았으며 FSPM 처리구보다 낮았다.포유자돈에서의 설사발생에 있어서는 0~5일째에 CGLT 처리구에서 한 마리가 발생하였다. 본 시험결과 사료내 0.25% 복합효소제 함유 식물성단백질공급원의 급여는 포유모돈의 질소 소화율과 혈중 요소태질소 함량, 모유내 단백질과 지방 함량을 향상시켰으며 포유자돈의 증체량 또한 향상시켰다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.773-782
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• 2007

본 시험은 복합효소제 함유 식물성단백질공급원이 포유모돈의 생산성, 영양소 소화율 및 돈유성상에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 모돈은 건강상태 및 산차를 고려하여 3처리, 처리당 10두씩 30두를 공시하였다. 사료는 1차로 분만 일주일 전부터 급여하고 2차로 분만 후부터 21일령 이유시까지 급여하였다. 시험설계는 1)CON(basal diet), 2)CGLT(included corn gluten) 및 3) FSPM(included fermented soy protein containing multienzyme)로 하였으며, 분만후 자돈은 모돈에 복당 10마리씩 균일하게 배치하였다. 포유모돈의 영양소 소화율에서는 질소 소화율에서 FSPM 처리구가 CON 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 포유모돈의 혈중 요소태질소 함량에서는 종료시에 FSPM 처리구가 CGLT 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05) 변화량에 있어서는 FSPM 처리구가 CON 및 CGLT 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 포유모돈의 모유내 지방 함량에서는 종료시에 FSPM 처리구가 CON 처리구보다 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05), 모유내 단백질 함량에서는 개시시에 FSPM 처리구가 CGLT 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 포유모돈의 직장온도 변화에 있어서는 세 처리 모두 유사한 변화를 보였다. 포유자돈의 성장률에서는 종료시체중, 증체량 및 일당증체량에서 FSPM 처리구가 CON 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았으며(P<0.05) CGLT 처리구는 CON 처리구보다 높았으며 FSPM 처리구보다 낮았다.포유자돈에서의 설사발생에 있어서는 0~5일째에 CGLT 처리구에서 한 마리가 발생하였다. 본 시험결과 사료내 0.25% 복합효소제 함유 식물성단백질공급원의 급여는 포유모돈의 질소 소화율과 혈중 요소태질소 함량, 모유내 단백질과 지방 함량을 향상시켰으며 포유자돈의 증체량 또한 향상시켰다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.8-26
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• 1983

Various early pregnancy diagnostic methods have been developed in order to improve the reproductive efficiency in cow, mare, mule, sow, sheep, goat, dog, cat, rabbit, buffalo, camel, elephant, monkey, deer, lion, coipus and guinea pig. These methods include abdominal swelling, abdominal palpation, esturs cylce detection, Lupin test, gonadotropin assay, colostrum injection test, sperm motility assessment, cervical mucus viscosity test, Kaber chromagens method, estrogen test, A Scheim-Zond다 test, spectrophotometric detection of estrogen in urine and feces, boric acid crystraline formation test in urine, oxytocin injection test, diamino-oxidase test, PMSG HA test, behaviour test, Simolus iodine detection test, detection of tryptophane in urine, x-ray method, Cuboni and Lunaas method, vaginal biopsy method, Friedmann Schneider diagnostic method, electrode method, barium chloride detection method, ECG, Doptone method, ultrasound method, ultrasound scanning method, LDH method, rectal palpation method, CL palpation method, radioautography, serum creatine test, serum globulin test, chlormadine method, CAP method, Medata Do, pp.ers method, body fluid test, Plasma oCS detection method, ERIA, LHRH method, negative latex cogulation test and oestrone sulphate detection method. The most reliable methods with high a, pp.icability to farm animals such as sheep, mare, sow and cow are rectal palpation, ultrasound method and hormonal assay in blood and milk. However, they require complicated laboratory works for the early diagnosis of pregnancy and in most cases, the simple and economical methods which are described up to now need a long period of time after conception. Generally, it is possible to detect pregnancy after one estrus cycle, even though it varies depending on the species of animals. For improvement of the reproductive efficiency, it is required to develop a more accurate, economical, simple and early detectable method. It is anticipated that the result of a study on the detection method of EPF(early pregnancy factor) would be a, pp.icable to various animals within 6 hours after conception.