• Strategy21
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• 통권42호
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• pp.154-195
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• 2017

This paper is to analyse conflict between the US and China over the South China Sea and Korea's responses. To this end the paper is composed of 6 chapters titled instruction; the current status of South China Sea sovereignty disputes; changes in US and Chinese maritime security strategies and the strategic values of the South China Sea; key issues and future prospects for US-China conflicts in the South China Sea; South Korea's security and diplomatic responses; and conclusion. The recent East Asian maritime security issue has evolved into a global issue of supremacy between the US and China, beyond conflicts over territorial disputes and demarcation among the countries in the region. China is pursuing offensive ocean policy to expand economic growth. The core of the maritime order that the United States intends to pursue is the freedom of navigation in the oceans and the maintenance of maritime access. China is making artificial islands in the South China Sea, claiming the sovereignty of these islands, building strategic bases in East Asia, and securing routes. The United States has developed several "Freedom of Navigation Operations" to neutralize the declaration of the territorial sea surrounding Chinese artificial islands. We can not be free from marine conflicts in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. Regarding the South China Sea dispute, it is expected that the strategic competition and conflict between the two countries will intensify due to China's failure to make concessions of core interests and adherence to the US compliance with international norms. In the midst of conflict over the South China Sea, we need a harmonious balance between our alliance security and economic diplomacy. We must continue our efforts to strengthen the ROK-US alliance but not to make China an enemy. Considering the significant impacts of the oceans on the survival and prosperity of the nation, we must continue to develop our interest in the oceans, appropriate investments and tactical strategies.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.125-151
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• 2018

지난 20년간(1998-2017년) 한국해양학회지(바다)와 한국수산과학회지에 실린 한글 논문 중 우리나라 주변 바다 이름을 지도에 표기한 논문들을 대상으로 그 표기 방법을 살펴보았다. 지도에 표기된 바다 명칭들의 형태는 크게 세 가지 - 'East Sea(동해)와 Yellow Sea(황해)', 'East Sea(동해), Yellow Sea(황해), South Sea(남해)', 'East Sea(동해), West Sea(서해), South Sea(남해)' - 가 있다. 'East Sea'는 모든 논문에서 'East Sea'로 표기된 반면, 'Yellow Sea'는 'West Sea'와 혼용해서 사용되고 있었다. 'Korea Strait(대한해협)' 대신 'South Sea'의 사용 빈도도 높았다. 이 결과는 연구자들이 해안선으로부터 가까운 연안해역을 우리나라를 기준으로 지리적 방위에 근간하여 부를 때 사용하는 바다 명칭과 주변해에 대한 국제적인 바다 명칭을 혼용하여 사용하고 있음을 보여 준다. 따라서 우리나라 해양 수산 연구자들이 바다 이름표기에 관한 기준을 세우고 일관성 있게 표기하는 것이 시급하다. 이와 관련하여 이 연구에서는 연구논문 작성 시에 주변해와 우리나라 연안해역에 대한 바다 명칭을 서로 구분하여 사용할 것을 제안하였다. 즉, 주변해는 국제적으로 통용되고 있는 'East Sea(동해)', 'Yellow Sea(황해)', 'Korea Strait(대한해협)', 'East China Sea(동중국해)'로 사용하고, 이들 주변 바다에 포함되어 있는 연안해역은 우리나라를 기준으로 상대적 방위에 근거한 'Coastal Sea off the East Coast of Korea(한국 동쪽 연안 바다)', 'Coastal Sea off the West Coast of Korea(한국 서쪽 연안 바다)', 'Coastal Sea off the South Coast of Korea(한국 남쪽 연안 바다)' 등으로 표현할 수 있다. 다른 표현으로는 'East Korea Coastal Zone', 'South Coastal Zone of Korea', 'West Korea Coastal Zone'으로도 표현할 수 있다. 작은 규모의 특정 해역의 경우 해양지명(해상지명과 해저지명)을 사용하여 연구해역을 표기할 수 있다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.212-221
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• 2004

Concentrations of suspended particulate matters (SPM) and their distribution patterns were monitored three times in the East China Sea during the winter season in 1998 and 1999. SPM concentrations showed significant temporal variations controlled by the atmospheric conditions and sea states. In coastal area, SPM values were about 10-20 mg/l in fair weather conditions, but exceeded 100mg/l during the storm periods. Turbid waters were distributed widespread in the continental shelf of the East China Sea and the coastal area of the Korean Peninsula, and these two areas were connected along a NE-SW direction. The distribution patterns of turbid waters were interpreted as representing the transport behavior of suspended matter. Although the primary source of inner shelf mud deposits of Korea seems to be the Korean Peninsula, contribution from the East China Sea to the coastal area of Korea increases especially during the winter season.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2012

Tintinnid species distribution has been monitored in the northern East China Sea (ECS) in the summer of 2006 through 2011. This is used to understand the water mass movements in the northern ECS. The warm oceanic tintinnid species had largely spread in 2007 in the area, indicating that there was greater warm water extension into the northern ECS. However the extension of neritic water within the Changjiang diluted water mass has strengthened in 2008 and 2010 because the neritic species distribution had relatively grown in both years. These annual results based on the biological indicators of tintinnid species are well matched with the salinity change in the area. The warm oceanic species, Dadayiella ganymedes had frequently occurred over the study years and had shown a significant relationship with the salinity change. This is valuable as a key stone species for monitoring the intrusion of the Kuroshio within the northern ECS. Information from tintinnid biological indicators can support physical oceanography data to confirm ambiguous water mass properties.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2000

The relationship between the distribution of demersal fishes and that of the water masses was examined by using the catches data and hydrographic data in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea on May 13-19, 1996 and May 10-17, 1997. During the study period, the dominant fish species were Cleisthenes pinetorum herzinsteini, Lophiomus setigerus and Pseudosciaena polyactis. These three low temperature water species accounted for $21-24\%$ of the total catches. The percentage of the low temperature water species was high in the Yellow Sea and the coastal area on the continental shelf of the East China Sea but was low in the vincinity of Kyushu during the study period. In the East China Sea, the isotherm of $15^{\circ}C$ at 50m, mid layer depth, was located more southeast in 1996 than in 1997. The bottom water temperature was about it lower in 1996 than in 1997. The direction of the detided current on the continental shelf of the East China Sea was southward in 1996 and northward in 1997. Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water (YSBCW) strongly expanded to south in 1996 when the northward current was weak. But, Tsushima Warm Current (TSWC) strongly intruded into the continental shelf of the East China Sea in 1997. As YSBCW expanded strongly to south in 1996, the percentage of the low temperature water species relative to the total catches was high. But, TSWC strongly intruded and the percentage of low temperature water fishes was low in 1997.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2003

Typhoon Rusa passed over the East China Sea and crossed over the Korea Peninsula on August 31, 2002. The core of the typhoon passed directly over a data buoy mooring site at ($127^{\circ}45'E,\;34^{\circ}25'\;N$) and several ARGOS-tracked drifters capable of measuring salinity. Peak hourly mean wind speed reached 28 m/s at the mooring site and wind pattern in the East China Sea changed from southerly wind to northwesterly wind after the typhoon passage. Two or three days before the typhoon tile drifter displacement changed significantly and the region-wide circulation pattern changed from a northeastward current to a westward current one week after the typhoon had passed. The surface water in the East China Sea was cooled to about $4^{\circ}C$ under the typhoon core and a general cooling occurred in most of the East China Sea with the exception of the Chinese coast. The salinity as observed by the drifters in the East China Sea increased about 2 psu but the near-shore water along the Korean coast observed by the mooring was freshened about 3 psu. The freshening of near-shore water was caused by an intrusion of off-shore water rather than local freshening by typhoon precipitation.

• Strategy21
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• 통권37호
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• pp.144-176
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• 2015

In September 2013, President Park Geun-hye announced her controversial "Look North" policy, of which the most salient aspect is the "Eurasia Initiative". This comprises various proposals designed to overcome existing constraints by developing new markets and creating new economic partners in continental areas from which South Korea has been alienated since the end of World War II, and this dovetails nicely with China's One Belt, One Road Initiative. The concepts of the "Silk Road Rail Express (SRX)" and the "East Sea Rim Maritime Community (ESRMC)" have also been discussed. SRX is at present a purely symbolic railroad project intended to encourage individual, cultural, trade and diplomatic exchanges. ESRMC is a model for establishing an ad hoc community to promote regional economic cooperation around the East Sea. President Park's Eurasia Initiative will provide South Korean investment for the Northeast to complement Russian plans, like the "Northern Energy Road" being built by Gazprom, and Chinese plans, like the Chang-Ji-Tu Development Plan for the North Korean port of Rajin. China's trade, as well as its energy and food supplies, pass through the Strait of Malacca and the Indian Ocean, and are thus vulnerable to interdiction by India or the US. China is therefore trying to reduce its exposure geopolitical risk by establishing a network of corridors between the Belt and the Road to provide alternative paths. The "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" and the "China-Myanmar Economic Corridor" provide such connections, and South Korea hopes that SRX and ESRMC can become part of a "China-South Korea Economic Corridor". This concept could do much to revitalize the underdeveloped northern provinces of China and Russia's Far East, not to mention North Korea. By linking up the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Trans-China Railway, the Trans-Mongolian Railway and the Trans-Korean Railway all these Asian countries will be connected to one another, and ultimately to Europe. An interim connection between China and South Korea using a rail-ferry has also been proposed.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1999

라디움(Ra) 동위원소 분포특성을 이용하여 동중국해와 남중국해 여름철 표층수의 해수의 조성을 밝히고자 하였다. 염분과 라디움 동위원소 방사능비($^{228}Ra/^{226}Ra$)의 분포는 동중국해와 남중국해에서 각기 쿠로시오 표층수와 장강 희석수, 쿠로시오 표층수와 연안 희석수의 두 단성분 해수의 단순혼합으로 설명하기에 적절하게 점진적으로 변화하는 분포양상을 나타냈다. 동중국해의 경우에 두 단성분 해수의 혼합은 Ra 동위원소비와 염분의 두 추적자로 각각 정량화가 가능하였는데, 결과를 비교해 보면 쿠로시오에 가까운 정점에서는 매우 비슷한 결과를 보였으나 대마난류가 분지된 이후부터는 차이가 커지기 시작하였다. 이러한 차이를 보이게 하는 가능한 요인으로 중층수와의 혼합이 지목되었다. 이 경우 염분과 Ra 동위원소비는 서로 반대방향으로 교란될 것으로 예상된다. 즉 염분은 저염수의 기여도를 과소평가하는 방향으로 반대로 Ra 동위원소비는 과대평가하게 되므로 두 결과값의 중간값이 실제에 가까울 것으로 판단되었다.

• 해양안보
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.273-310
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• 2020

본 연구는 최근 남중국해와 동중국해를 둘러싼 해양 갈등에서 중국의 주요 해양안보전략 중 하나로 사용되기 시작한 "회색지대전략"의 전반적인 메커니즘을 경험적으로 분석하고, 그로 인한 남중국해 및 동중국해 분쟁 양상을 비교하는 데에 그 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 필자는 중국의 회색지대전략에 관한 두 가지 가설들을 세워 남중국해와 동중국해 분쟁에서 중국의 회색지대전략이 어떻게 '구사'되어 왔고 '구성'되어 있는지, 상대국은 어떤 방식으로 그것에 대응하는지 살펴보고, 그로 말미암아 각 분쟁들의 양상은 어떤 유사점과 차이점을 보이는지 밝혀냈다. 필자가 이 연구에서 수립한 가설들은 첫 째, "중국이 활용하는 해양 회색지대전략은 주요 분쟁 지역인 남중국해와 동중국해에서 각기 다른 수행 구조를 보인다는 것"이다. 두 번째는, "이에 따라 남중국해와 동중국해에서 벌어지는 분쟁의 양상 역시 차이를 보인다는 것"이다. 이를 논증하기 위해 필자는 중국의 회색지대전략 메커니즘을 크게 차례대로 1) 분쟁 추이와 전략 수행의 빈도, 2) 전략의 유형과 강도, 3) 전략 수행의 행위자, 4) 상대국의 대응 방식으로 다차원적인 구분을 시도하고, 양적 모델링을 바탕으로 이에 관련 데이터를 수집했다. 이후, 2010년부터 2020년 06월에 이르는 약 10년 가량의 데이터(중국의 회색지대전략 사용과 분쟁 동향 등)를 가공하고, 직접 연구 모형을 설계해 회색지대전략에 대한 새로운 범주화와 조작적 정의를 시도했다. 이를 바탕으로 필자는 중국이 활용하는 회색지대전략의 포괄적인 메커니즘들과 남중국해와 동중국해의 분쟁 양상도 성공적으로 비교해 최종적으로 모든 가설을 검증할 수 있었다. 결론 부분에서는 검증된 결과를 재차 정리하고, 중국의 회색지대전략으로 인해 비롯될 수 있는 동아시아 역내의 안보 취약성을 극복해 나가야 함을 강조하는 것으로 마무리했다. 본 연구는 지금까지 한 번도 시도되지 않았던 연구로서 중국의 회색지대전략이 수행되는 구조를 밝히고, 이것과 해양 분쟁 양상 간의 상관관계를 양적 방법론을 이용해 규명했다는 데에 큰 의의가 있으리라 생각된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
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• pp.688-691
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• 2006

The current system of the East China Sea, a marginal sea in the northwest Pacific, has a seasonal variation. The Changjiang Diluted Water, Chinese coastal water in the East China Sea, has different seasonal paths. It flows southward along the Chinese coast within a narrow band in winter and does northeastward the Korea/Tsushima Strait in summer, which has been a subject to many researchers. In particular, low salinity in the South Sea of Korea in 1996 and 1998 was in discord with the Changjiang River discharge and the Changjiang Diluted Water seems to play an important role in occurrence of red tide in the South Sea of Korea in 1997 and on the contrary, disappearance in the next year. These facts suggested that the Changjiang Diluted Water does not flow along the same path in every summer. According to the analyses for path of the Changjiang Diluted Water using ocean color images by SeaWiFS and salinity observations by shipboard CTD in August for recent years, the Changjiang Diluted Water in summer flowed within the range of direction from southeastward to north-northeastward anticlockwise. However, the Changjiang Diluted Water flowed northeastward toward Jeju Island of Korea for the most part. It is necessary to examine the influence of major factors on path variability of the CDW in summer such as surface wind, the Changjiang River discharge and background current.