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Dissemination of Conidiospores of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose of Persimmon and the Disease Development (감나무 탄저병균 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides의 분생포자 비산과 농가 포장에서 탄저병의 발생과정)

  • Kwon, Jin-Hyeuk;Park, Chang-Seuk
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.272-278
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    • 2004
  • The disease development of Anthracnose of sweet persimmon in relation to release of conida of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were observed in a farmer's field located in Jinju from 1998 to 2002. The conidia started to release from early April and reached maximum in June to late July. The amount of conidia production reduced drastically from early August. The number of conidia trapped was closely related to amount of precipitation at the same period and number of new infections on the emerging branches and young fruits in orchard. The conidia released during the April was not effected to disease occurrence of persimmon tree but the spores produced from inoculum source after early May significantly important to the infection of the pathogen on emerging branch and this infection was directly related to infections on young fruits. Consequently the early infections on the branches brought severe occurrence of Anthracnose in the orchard. Most of the infected fruits were dropped in unripe state. The earlier infection caused the earlier fruit drop. The rate of fruit drop was reached up to 84.1% in August when the disease was occurred severely. Anthracnose of sweet persimmon also occurred in market shelf and storage warehouse. The anthracnose fruits are presumed to be infected while in orchard. Because the symptom formed on the fruit was too tiny to eliminate, the infected fruits were involved in storage boxes and anthracnose gradually developed in storage condition. The rate of diseased fruit observed in Jinju area were 1.2 to 1.6%.

Studies on the Conditions of Seed Germination of Gastrodia elata (천마 종자의 발아 조건에 관한 연구)

  • Hong, In-Pyo;Nam, Sung-Hee;Jung, I-Yeon;Sung, Gyoo-Byung;Nam, Hack-Woo;Cheong, Jong-Chun;Park, Jeong-Sik;Hur, Hyeon;Lee, Min-Woong
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.39-44
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    • 2004
  • Gastrodia elata has been cultivated using mycorrizal fungi including Armillaria mellea as an energy source (myco-hetrotrophy) because it is aphyllous and achlorophyllous archid. But the yields of G. elata have been recently decreased owing to the degeneration of spawn tuber arised from successive asexual reproduction. Therefore, this study was carried out to solve this degeneration by seed germination, namely sexual reproduction. The seed germination of G. elata was excellent on the fallen leaves medium of oak tree. The fruetification rate of the capsule of G. elata by artificial pollination was 94.1% and better than natural pollination. The living weight of capsules of G. elata suitable for seeds germination was above 31 mg. The middle-matured seeds and matured seeds of capules were largely germinated, while the immatured seeds was small germinated. The storage temperature of the cropped capsules suitable for a favorable seed germination was $0{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ and the storage period of it was one month.

Microclimatological Characteristics Observed from the Flux Tower in Gwangneung Forest Watershed (플럭스 타워에서 관측된 광릉 산림 소유역의 미기후학적 특징)

  • Choi Taejin;Lim Jong-Hwan;Chun Jung-Hwa;Lee Dongho;Kim Joon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2005
  • Microclimate of Gwangneung forest watershed is characterized by analyzing wind, radiation, profiles of air temperature and humidity, soil and bole temperature, precipitation and soil water content measured at and around the flux tower from April 2000 to September 2003. Mountain-valley wind was prevalent due to the topographic effect with dominant wind from east during daytime and relatively weak wind from west during nighttime. Air temperature reaches its peak in July-August whereas monthly-averaged incoming shortwave radiation shows its peak in May due to summer monsoon. Albedo ranges from 0.12 to 0.16 during the growing season. Monthly-averaged bole temperature is in phase with monthly- averaged air temperature which is consistently higher. Monthly-averaged soil temperature lags behind air temperature and becomes higher with leaf fall. With the emergence of leafage in April, maximum temperature level during midday shifts from the ground surface to the crown level of 15-20m in May. Profiles of water vapor pressure show a similar shift in May but the ground surface remains as the major source of water. Vapor pressure deficit is highest in spring and lowest in winter. Monthly averaged surface soil temperatures range from 0 to 20℃ with a maximum in August. Monthly averaged trunk temperatures of the dominant tree species range from -5.8 to 21.6℃ with their seasonal variation and the magnitudes similar to those of air temperature. Annual precipitation amount varies significantly from year to year, of which >60% is from July and August. Vertical profiles of soil moisture show different characteristics that may suggest an important role of lateral movement of soil water associated with rainfall events.

Landscape Design of Gamcheon Wholesale Fish Market (감천항 수산물 도매시장 조경설계)

  • 권영휴;민권식;황용득
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.70-78
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    • 2002
  • The landscape disign of Gamcheon wholesale fish Market was designed around a turnkey base to promote the economy of Busan Metropolitan City, to establish a fishery marketing center and to modernize existing facilities. The objectives of the project were to promote the mood of an old market, while preserving its functions and efficiency as a market, to design outdoor spaces with natural resources and amenities in balance, and to create attractive tourist spots in connection with the wide area development plan. The project was oriented, fast, to enhance the functions of the market. For this purpose, a multi-dimensional space layout was designed in consideration of functions as a wholesale market. The safety of pedestrians was secured by separating lathes for vehicles and for pedestrians. Tree planting with various functions such as sheltering, wind breaking and guiding was planned. Secondly, nature-friendly and human-friendly landscaping design was attempted. For this, the beautiful natural resources of Amnam Park were utilized, and green spaces such as green bridges linking buildings in the wholesale market, and rooftop gardens were to be arranged. In addition, environment-friendly facilities such as roads paved with natural materials(i.e. gravel, shells) and program parking lots were to be planned. Thirdly, landscape design was considered to create attractive tourist spots. For example, a fish farm was created as a theme street for pedestrians and various water-friendly spaces such as pedestrian ramps, observatories and seaside streets were to be secured. The main contents are as follows. First, a green bridge to Ahnnam Park was introduced for a tour source and flower garden, an event plan and viewing deck open to the sea were planned on the bridge's axis. Secondly, for the effective land use plan concerning open space and convenience to visitors, a promenade was planned, which is connected with the theme plaza and small plazas by environmental sculptures in front of the market hall and at the gate. As well, an observatory and a roof garden help create three dimensional multi leveled space, with a good view of the natural landscape of the sea, sky and park Thirdly, landscape materials, such as trees and those for facilities, strengthened for protection against the seawind and salt damage were selected. The commercial market area was intended to be transformed a traditional functional area of efficiency and economy into an attractive marine leisure area where both tourists and neighbors can make use of it.

Seasonal Change of Macro Nutrients Concentration in Acorns of Six Oak Species in Korea (한국산 참나무류 6종 종자의 주요 영양염류 농도의 계절적 변화)

  • Hong, Yong-Sik;You, Young-Han;Yi, Hoon-Bok
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.286-292
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    • 2010
  • Native oak tree species dominate the deciduous forests of South Korea. Although the acorns of these oak trees represent the main food source for many wildlife species, information pertaining to their nutrient composition and associated seasonal changes is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the seasonal changes in the acorn nutrient composition of six oak species in terms of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) concentrations, Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, and Q. serrata. The results indicated that N concentrations of Q. aliena acorns were constant, whereas those of Q. dentata changed over the seasons. Those of Q. acutissima acorns were higher in summer and autumn but Q. mongolica acorns were higher in spring and summer. Q. serrata acorns were highest in autumn but Q. variabilis acorns were found to be the lowest in N concentration. P concentrations of acorns of six species tended to decline in the summer but increased in the spring and autumn. Ca and Mg concentrations showed an obvious trend of decline over the seasons for all species except Q. mongolica. Na concentrations of Q. aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. serrata acorns were constant over the seasons whereas those of Q. dentata tended to increase. Q. variabilis acorns were highest in autumn but Q. acutissima acorns were lowest in Na concentration. Overall, these results showed that acorn nutrient composition varies by season, and that the nature of the variability is largely species dependent.

Analytical Studies on the Composition of Oil and Protein in the Seed of Thornless Chinese Pepper Zanthoxylum schinifoilum var. inermis Nakai (민산초나무 종실(種實)의 유지(油脂) 및 단백질조성(蛋白質組成)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Yoon, Han-Kyo;Kim, Chi-Moon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.170-176
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    • 1976
  • In order to analyze the composition of fatty acid in the seed oil. and amino acid in the seed protein of wild thornless chinese pepper tree; Zanthoxylum schinifolum var. inermis Nakai. GLC method and amino acid autoanalyzer were applied. respectively. while the general composition of the seed and physico-chemical properties of the seed oil were also determined by A. O. A. C. method. The results obtained were summarized as follow The content of oil, protein and ashes were 47.05%, 20.14% and 3.1%, respectively. The content of sulfur and cyan compound in the seed were 0.02% and 0.00005%, respectively, which were far below than allowed guantity by food regulation. Therefore, it is considered to be safe for edible purpose. The iodine absorption number obtained was 145.2, which might be belonged to drying oil. The physico-chemical properties of the seed oil such as acid value, saponification number and refractive index showed the characteristics of an unsaturated high molecular fatty acid compound. The seed oil was composed of 34.8% of oleic acid, 25.1% of linoleic acid and 26.1% of linolenic acid, which accounts for more than 80% of essential fatty acid. Therefore, it could be used as an edible oil. Seventeen kinds of amino acids were anayzed from seed protein. Among them comparatively high content of threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were observed. As a non-essential amino acid, glutamic acid was found as high as 4.985%. From these results the seed of thornless Chinese pepper would be good for oil and protein source.

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Suppressive Activities of Foliar Spray Fungicides for Apple Against Sporulation of Botryosphaeria dothidea, the Causal Fungus of White Rot, and Their Role in Disease Control (사과 경엽 살포용 살균제의 겹무늬썩음병균에 대한 포자형성 억제작용과 그것이 병 방제에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Dong-Hyuk;Cho, Lae-Hong;Shin, Jung-Sup;Uhm, Jae-Youl
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.240-248
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    • 2006
  • Control of white rot which is one of the most serious apple diseases in Korea has mainly relied on periodical spray of protective fungicides. As the main inoculum source of the disease is pycnidiospores produced in the warts formed on affected stems of apple tree, it can be conceivable that inhibition of spore production might be an effective means for controlling the disease. Inhibitory efficacy of eight selected fungicides against sporulation of the fungus was assessed by counting the number of spores produced at detached warts treated with the fungicides of recommended dilution. They showed diverse effect on sporulation. Carbendazim and azoxystrobin suppressed sporulation almost completely, the former irreversively. Thiram and folpet promoted sporulation as producing much more number of spores than untreated control. Others showed almost no effect on sporulation. Effects of suppression and promotion in the sporulation shown by the fungicides on the control of white rot were examined by incidences of disease and infection at the plots adopted the spray programs of which the fungicide at late May was substituted by carbendazim, azoxystrobin, folpet and thiram, respectively. Disease incidence and infection frequency at the plots sprayed former two chemicals which suppressed sporulation were much lower than those of the plots adopted latter two chemicals and untreated plot at which the fungicide spray was skipped at that time. These facts were reconfirmed in the experiments conducted with carbendazim and thiram, in which 100 fruits were bagged just prior to each spray from late May to late July for elucidating the effect of the two fungicides on the action of subsequent ones. Disease incidence and infection frequency on the fruit bagged just prior to each spray were gradually increased as the seasons going on. The increase rate at the carbendazim plot was much lower than that of thiram. Especially, the fruit infected till late July at the carbendazim plot were almost completely cured by the three fungicides, iminoctadine-triacetate, tebuconazole and samzinwang, a combined formular of iminoctadine-triacetate and difenoconazole, sprayed at late July and hence. In thiram plot, infected fruit were also cured by the 3 fungicides but not remarkable. From these results, it can be concluded that control efficiency of white rot can be greatly enhanced by selecting the fungicide capable of suppress the sporulation of white rot fungus at the season when the mass dispersal of spores is not initiated.

Growth Performance and Caecal Fermentation in Growing Rabbits Fed on Diets Containing Graded Levels of Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves

  • Prasad, Rajendra;Misra, A.K.;Sankhyan, S.K.;Mishra, A.S.;Tripathi, M.K.;Karim, S.A.;Jakhmola, R.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.16 no.9
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    • pp.1309-1314
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    • 2003
  • Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and changes in caecal fermentation pattern was studied on four groups of 8 grower rabbits (soviet chinchilla) each, fed on diets containing 17 to 18% CP and $10.4-11.00MJ\;DE\;kg^{-1}$ feed. The complete diets contained mulberry leaves along with other feed ingredients at 0 (LH), 15 (ML15), 30 (ML30) and 45% (ML45) levels. In LH diet ground lucerne hay was added at 15% of the diet as roughage source. The diets were uniform in other nutritional parameters except the higher amount of hemicellulose (18.7 and 16.5%) in LH and ML15 diets. The performance of grower rabbits was better (p<0.05) on LH and ML15 diets in terms of twelve weeks weight (kg), total gain (g), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (%). Different levels of mulberry leaves in the diet did not influence the dry matter intake. Digestibility of nutrients for DM, OM, CP, NDF and energy was uniform in all the diets but the digestibility of CF, ADF and cellulose was higher (p<0.01) on ML15, ML30 and ML 45 diets. The hemicellulose digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.01) on LH (44.52%) and ML15 (48.00%) compared to ML30 (33.54%) and ML 45 (39.17%) diets. The nitrogen retention (% of intake) was higher (p<0.05) in LH and ML15 diets than ML30 and ML45 diets. The caecum weight as percent of intestine weight consistently increased (p<0.05) with increasing content of mulberry leaves in diets. Total nitrogen and $NH_3$-N was higher on LH and ML15 diets. It is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaves can replace Lucerne hay in complete rabbit feed (15% in diet). Even at higher level i.e. 30 and 45% of the diet mulberry leaves based complete feed gave promising results.

Growth Performance of Pinus densiflora Introduced from Six Provenances of Japan at Chungju, Korea (충주에 식재한 일본 6개 산지 소나무의 생장)

  • Kwon, Yong-Rak;Ryu, Keun-Ok;Kim, In-Sik;Lee, Kap Yeon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.95 no.3
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    • pp.250-255
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    • 2006
  • Pinus densiflora is a dominant conifer species in Korea and also distributed in regions of Japan and eastern China. Success in the establishment and productivity of forest tree plantation is largely determined by selection of species and seed source. The provenance tests of Pinus densiflora in Korea are underway. However, the information of the growth performance of Japanese and Chinese provenances are insufficient. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Pinus densiflora Japanese provenances. Data were collected from a provenance trial including established by Korea Forest Research Institude at Chungju in 1970. Six Japanese provenances ($31^{\circ}90^{\prime}{\sim}40^{\circ} 27^{\prime}$ in latitude and $128^{\circ}47^{\prime}{\sim}141^{\circ}80^{\prime}$ in longitude) were included in this trial. Pyeongchang provenance at Kangwon province in Korea was used for reference provenance. At nursery stage, the height and diameter at root collar of six Japanese provenances were smaller than those of Pyeongchang provenance. Among Japanese provenances, Kasahara provenance showed higher growth performance than those of others. The provenance rankings of growth performance were fluctuated until age 11. However, the growth performance of Japanese provenances showed higher than those of reference provenance after age 17. Kirishima-yama provenance showed best growth performance. Simple correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the geographic factors affecting growth performance. The height growth showed negative corelation with latitude of seed origin. Generally, Japanese provenences of Pinus densiflora were well adapted and grown in Chungju. However, it was suggested that further studies on other sites need to generalize the results of this study.

Volatile Compounds and Antiproliferative Effects of Dendropanax morbifera on HepG2 Cells (황칠나무의 휘발성 화합물 분석 및 HepG2 세포의 증식 억제 효과)

  • Yang, Seun-Ah;Garcia, Coralia V.;Lee, Ji-Won
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.561-566
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    • 2017
  • Dendropanax morbifera Lev. is known in Korea for its golden sap and medicinal properties. The many biological activities of the leaf and stem extracts suggest that this tree could be a valuable source of medicinal compounds for the treatment of various ailments such as dermatitis, migraines, dysmenorrhea, muscle pain, and infectious diseases. However, there is little information on the composition and biological activity of the volatile fraction of D. morbifera. Therefore, in this study, the volatile compounds in leaves, stems, and sap of D. morbifera were isolated using solvent and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to reveal their chemical composition and identify potential compounds of interest. Fifteen compounds were identified in the leaf extracts, whereas 29 and 3 compounds were identified in the stem and sap extracts, respectively. The volatile profiles obtained using solvent and SFE differed. Esters and aromatic hydrocarbons predominated in the solvent extract of leaves and SFE extract of stems, whereas the solvent extract of stems and SFE extract of leaves contained terpenoids. Limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, and ${\beta}$-myrcene were identified in the volatile extract of sap, with limonene representing 96.30% of the total peak area. In addition, the antiproliferative effects of the solvent extracts of leaves and stems were evaluated, revealing that these solvent extracts were particularly effective in decreasing the proliferation of HepG2 cells.