• 한국연소학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2004

The evolution of incipient soot particles has been examined by high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and elemental analyzer in ethylene-air inverse diffusion flames. Laser Induced Incandescence(LII) and laser scattering methods were introduced for examining the soot volume fraction and morphological properties in combustion generated soot qualitatively. Soot particles, collected by thermophoretic sampling, were analyzed by using HRTEM to examine the nano structure of precursor particles. HRTEM micrographs apparently reveal a transformation of condensed phase of semitransparent tar-like material into precursor particles with relatively distinct boundary and crystalline which looks like regular layer structures. During this evolution histories, C/H analysis was also performed to estimate the chemical evolution of precursor particles. The changes of C/H ratio of soot particles with respect to residence time can be divided into two parts: one is a very slowly increasing regime where tar-like materials are transformed into precursor particles (inception process) the other is an increasing region with constant rate where surface growth affects the increase of C/H ratio dominantly (surface growth process). These results provide a clear picture of a transition to mature soot from precursor materials.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2012

In the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) system which is used for controlling the NOx emission from the Diesel engines, the soot deposited on the catalysis causes degradation of the system performance. Numerical study was done to evaluate the performance of soot blower which is proposed as a method for removing the soot on the catalysis. The spray conditions and the effect of the compressed air from the AIG (air inlet gun) were analyzed numerically to evaluate the overall effective method of the soot blowing. The characteristics of the final velocity distribution and velocity waves across the inlet section of the catalysis were evaluated with respect to the geometries of the AIG outlets and pressure conditions. An experimental model was used to validate the results of the numerical calculation that is used for finding the effective removal blowing momentum transfer quantities of soot the inlet section of the catalysis, and it is proposed that the required minimum blowing momentum transfer quantities are over than 0.499 $kg/m{\bullet}t_{eff}$ in the current study.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1359-1365
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 디젤-에탄올 혼합연료로 운전되는 디젤엔진에서 에탄올 혼합비율이 나노 크기 입자 배출 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 엔진의 연소 및 배기 배출물 특성은 배기량 373cc 의 단기통 디젤엔진과 배기 배출물 측정 장치, SMPS 를 이용하여 실험하였다. 그을음(soot) 배출은 착화지연 기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하였다. 에탄올 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 나노 입자의 총 개수 및 질량은 대체로 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나 에탄올이 30% 혼합되었을 때 그을음(soot) 입자의 응결로 인해 큰 입자의 수 분포가 증가하였으며, 질량 또한 크게 증가하였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2014

미분탄의 연소 또는 열분해 과정으로부터 발생하는 tar-soot는 복사 열전달 및 질소산화물의 추가적인 발생 원인이라는 관점에서 의미 있게 다루어지고 있다. 최근 저열량탄이 증가함에 따라 시멘트의 원료로 재활용되던 석탄회에서 다량의 미연분과 tar-soot가 포함되어 오히려 다시 반입되는 사례가 빈번해지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 저열량탄 사용 확대에 따른 혼탄연소 조건에서 tar-soot의 배출특성을 살펴보기 위해 반응기로써 LFR(Laminar Flow Reactor)을 적용하였으며, 연료로는 현재 국내발전소에서 사용 중인 역청탄 2종(MOUNTAIN, MACARHTUR)과 아역청탄(KPU)을 이용하여 단탄별 tar-soot 배출특성과 혼소비에 따른 배출특성을 화염의 구조 변화와 함께 측정하였다. 휘발분이 많은 아역청탄의 soot cloud 길이는 역청탄에 비해 길었지만 전체적인 화염 길이는 짧아졌다. 단탄별 실험결과에서는 역청탄의 tar-soot 발생량이 아역청탄의 발생률보다 높았으며 역청탄 중 휘발분 함량이 많은 MOUNTAIN탄이 상대적으로 휘발분 함량이 적은 MACARHTUR탄의 tar-soot 발생률보다 높았다. 혼소시에는 단탄의 연소특성과는 다른 새로운 특성을 나타내었으며 저열량탄과 혼소되는 역 청탄의 종에 따라 tar-soot 발생량이 지배되는 것을 확인하였으나 혼소비에 따른 평균적 특성이 아닌 완전히 차별되는 배출특성을 나타냄에 따라 석탄의 등급에 따라 최적의 혼소비를 찾아서 연소시키는 것이 tar-soot 발생량을 줄일 수 있는 방법임을 의미한다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2000년도 제20회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.105-116
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• 2000

An Experimental study was conducted on spray combustion using dual swirlers at different outlet angle; co-swirl and counter-swirl. To understand the characteristics of turbulent spray combustion of dual swril flow(DSF), the axial helical annular vaned swirlers with various swirl ratios and combination of angle and direction were designed. and temperature measurements of a rapidly thermocouple insertion and measurements of soot volume fraction and microrstructure using thermophoretic sampling particle diagnostic(TSPD) as TEM were carried out. The NOx, $CO_2$,$O_2$, etc. was analyzed using emission gas analyzer. The results show that flame stability were maintained under very lean condition. for both co-swirl and counter-swirl case. And though Counter-swirl case kept the higher temperature region compared to co-swirl case, Counter-swirl combustion represented less NOx emission and soot formation than co-swirl case.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2000

An Experimental study was conducted on spray combustion using dual swirlers at different outlet angle; co-swirl and counter-swirl. To understand the characteristics of turbulent spray combustion of dual swril flow(DSF), the axial helical annular vaned swirlers with various swirl ratios and combination of angle and direction were designed. and temperature measurements of a rapidly thermocouple insertion and measurements of soot volume fraction and microstructure using thermophoretic sampling particle diagnostic(TSPD) as TEM were carried out. The NOx, $CO_2,\;O_2$, etc. was analyzed using emission gas analyzer. The results show that flame stability were maintained under very lean condition. for both co-swirl and counter-swirl case. And though Counter-swirl case kept the higher temperature region compared to co-swirl case, Counter-swirl combustion represented less NOx emission and soot formation than co-swirl case.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.403-412
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• 2006

The effect of a wall temperature on the soot deposition process from a diffusion flame to a solid wall was investigated in a microgravity environment to attain in-situ observations of the process. The fuel for the flames was an ethylene ($C_2H_4$). The surrounding oxygen concentration was 35% with surrounding air temperatures of $T_a=600K$. In the study, three different wall temperatures. $T_w$=300, 600, 800K, were selected as major test conditions. Laser extinction was adopted to determine the soot volume fraction distribution between the flame and burner wall. The experimental results showed that the maximum soot volume fractions at $T_w$=300, 800 K were $8.8{\times}10^{-6},\;9.2{\times}10^{-6}$, respectively. However, amount of soot deposition on wall surface was decreased because of lower temperature gradient near the wall with increasing wall temperature. A numerical simulation was also performed to understand the motion of soot particles in the flame and the characteristics of the soot deposition to the wall. The results from the numerical simulation successfully predicted the differences in the motion of soot particles by different wall temperature near the burner surface and are in good agreement with observed soot behavior that is, the 'soot line', in microgravity.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1172-1177
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• 2004

The evolution of incipient soot particles has been examined by high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and elemental analyzer in ethylene-air inverse diffusion flames. Laser Induced Incandescence(LII) and laser scattering methods were introduced for examining the change of soot volume fraction and morphological properties in combustion generated soot qualitatively. Soot particles, collected by thermophoretic sampling were analyzed by using HRTEM to examine the nano structure of precursor particles. HRTEM micrographs apparently reveal a transformation of condensed phase of semitransparent tar-like material into precursor particles with relatively distinct boundary and crystalline which looks like regular layer structures. During this evolution histories C/H analysis was also performed to estimate the chemical evolution of precursor particles. The changes of C/H ratio of soot particles with respect to residence time can be divided into two parts: one is a very slowly increasing regime where tar-like materials are transformed into precursor particles (inception process) the other is an increasing region with constant rate where surface growth affects the increase of C/H ratio dominantly (surface growth region). These results provide a clear picture of a transition to mature soot from precursor materials.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.907-914
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• 2005

Experiments at the Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC) have investigated the interaction between diffusion flames and solid surfaces Placed neat flames The fuel for the flames was $C_{2} H_{4}$ The surrounding oxygen concentration was 35$\%$ with surrounding air temperatures of $T_{a}$ : 300K. Especially, the effect of wall temperature on soot deposition from a diffusion flame Placed near the wall has been studied by utilizing microgravity environment, which can attain very stable flame along the wall. Cylindrical burner with fuel injection was adopted to obtain two dimensional soot distributions by laser extinction method. In the experiment two different wall temperatures. $T_{w}$=300, 800 K, were selected as test conditions The results showed that the soot distribution between flame and burner wall was strong1y affected by the wall temperature and soot deposition increases with decrease in wall temperature. The comparison among the values lot two different wall temperatures suggests that the change in thermophoretic effect is the most dominant factor to give the change in soot deposition characteristics.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.2068-2076
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• 2005

The influence of oxygen concentration and CO$_{2}$ as diluent in oxidizer side on soot characteristics was studied by Laser Induced Incandescence, Time Resolved LII and Transmission Electron Microscopy photography in non-premixed co flowing flames. Through the comparison of TEM photographs and the decay rate of LII signal, suitable two delay times of TIRE-LII method and signal sensitivity ($\Delta$S$_{TIRE-LII/) were determined. The effects of O$_{2}$ and CO$_{2}$ as diluent in oxidizer side on soot formation are investigated with these calibrated techniques. The O$_{2}$+CO$_{2}$, N$_{2}$, and [Ar+CO$_{2}$] mixture in co-flow were used to isolate CO2 effects systematically. The number concentration of primary particle and soot volume fraction abruptly decrease by the addition of CO$_{2}$ to the co-flow. This suppression is resulted from the short residence time in inception region because of the late nucleation and the decrease of surface growth distance by the low flame temperature due to the higher thermal capacity and the chemical change of CO$_{2}$ including thermal dissociation. As the oxygen concentration increases, the number concentration of soot particles at the inception region increases and thus this increase of nucleation enhances the growth of soot particle.