• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.189-202
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• 2009

Ceramics from Taean shipwreck were studied to investigate the deterioration by soluble salts and desalination pattern according to each ceramic characterization. NaCl crystals were found as a crystal growth on the ceramic microstructure and deteriorated to push off the glaze layer of some Puncheong ware sample. As a result of monitoring the desalination pattern of ceramics for 74days, the earthenware sample with big pores and no glaze removed soluble salts so fast, but Puncheong ware and Whiteware samples removed lots of soluble salts slowly and continuously. Generally, it takes long time to remove soluble salts from porcelains, due to small pores and glaze, but the long-term desalination probably can cause the damage on the surface layer such like glaze. As some soluble salts still remains in the ceramic microstructures after desalination, it is very important to control and keep the relative humidity stable through the proper storage. There are various ceramic deterioration patterns by soluble salts. Therefore, it needs to select the desalination method of ceramics from shipwreck, considering the material characteristics and the production techniques.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.21
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• pp.59-72
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• 2007

The relationship between soluble salts and microbial growth on stone surface was investigated. Samples from deteriorated surface layers of several stone monuments were collected, and the soluble salts in samples were chemically analysed. According to the results of chemical analyses, $Na_2SO_4$, $CaSO_4$ $2H_2O$, and NaCl and so on were added to isolation media. As a result of preliminary experiments, 15 bacteria were selected. They are all Gram positives and fourteen of them were rods. Every bacteria could grow not only in media without salts, but also in media with $CaCO_3$, $CaSO_4$ $2H_2O$, and $Ca(OH)_2$. Three bacteria, Bl6, B56, and B6l, secreted viscous substances in these $Ca^{2+}$ added media. $CaCl_2$ $2H_2O$ was the most hygroscopic among 11 soluble salts, but it seemed to interfere with bacterial growth. Ammonium ion was the inhibitor, too.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-59
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• 2018

In this study, to overcome a complicated shoe adhesion process such as buffing, pre-treatment by primer in the rubber component of the shoe, we studied adhesion mechanical properties with rubber compound added water-soluble salt for the purpose of improving the adhesion between midsole and outsole. Acid salts, basic salt and neutral salts were evaluated, rubber containing basic salts showed excellent adhesion to water-based adhesion. Since the basic salt is present as the hydroxy salt, the surface of rubber is hydrophilized. The results are confirmed by contact angle and IR spectroscopy measurement. In addition, in the case of rubber compound added basic salts, NBS abrasion resistance and hardness were increased by increasing crosslink density, but crosslink time was delayed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

The study was performed for the purpose of obtaining the fundamental data to improve the durability of concrete structures due to de-icing salts. To assume the degree of concrete deterioration, soluble chloride content in concrete, the depth of carbonation and compressive strength of core specimens were measured. The porgress of corrosion of concrete bridge was electrochemically monitored. The results show that the concrete structure was deteriorated and reinforced steel in concrete was corroded due to de-icing salts.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.933-940
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• 1992

Calix[6]arene react with formaldehyde and secondary amines to yields water soluble Mannich bases which can be converted to the corresponding quaternary salts. Treatment of the quaternary salts with a nucleophile such as cyano, ethoxy, and hydride yields p-substituted calix[6]arenes. Calix[8]arene too react with formaldehyde and diallyl amine to yield a water soluble Mannich base. The transport of neutral arenes through an aqueous phase along a concentration gradient mediated by those of water soluble calixarenes as molecular carrier was studied in a U-type cell. Naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, and fluoranthene are tested as a neutral solid guest compounds for the transport experiment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.18 s.18
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• pp.89-96
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• 2006

Surface layers of stone cultural properties including the soluble salt need consolidation because they are mostly very weak. There is a lot of research on the penetration depth of consolidant in stone and the effect of consolidant on mechanical stability of deteriorated structure. But some conservation experiences show that consolidation with silicic acid ester is not successful on salt contaminated stone cultural properties. In this study, in order to assess the influence of soluble salts$(CaSO_4\;2H_2O,\;NaNO_3)$ on the efficiency of consolidation on the deteriorated stone cultural properties(Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany) sandstone samples have been soaked with the salts solution. The impregnation of consolidant based on ethyl filicate have been afterwards carried out on these samples. As a result, it confirms that the soluble salts act as a preventer or consolidation. They fill up the pores in the stone and prevent that sufficient amount of consolidant enter deeply into the stone. According to this result, if use silicic ethyl ester as a consolidant for the research object which is built by Nebra sandstone, desalination is necessary before the treatment with consolidant. But it is also reported by other researches that some soluble salts improve the consolidation effect. Therefore it should be necessary to pre-study about salt and its harmfulness before the consolidation treatment. In order to consolidate without the aggravative damage in salt contaminated stone cultural heritage, we must first of all study the relations among salt, stone and consolidant.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 1987

Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 powders were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Using soluble salts such as Pb(NO3)2, TiCl4 and ZrOCl2$.$8H2O and oxide such as PbO and TiO2 as starting materials, PZT powder was hydrothermally synthesized at the temperature range between 150$^{\circ}C$ and 200$^{\circ}C$. The result showed that reactivity by alkali was decreased in the sequence of Pb(NO3)2, TiCl4, ZrOCl2, PbO, TiO2 and ZrO2. Using the first three soluble salts, PZT powder was synthesiged at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 1hr. In PbO-TiCl4-ZrOCl2 system, PZT powder was synthesized at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 8rs. In Pb(NO3)2-TiO2-ZrOCl2 system, PZT powder was synthesized at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 16hrs, in PbO-TiO2-ZrOCl2 system, the powder was synthesized at 200$^{\circ}C$ for 8hrs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.46-50
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• 1980

This study was performed to compare the activities of sulfate esters and sulfonate salts. (comparison of activities such as detergency, forming, permeation and patient of hard water). The one of the method is the combined use of nonionics and the other is the use of anionics alone. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The sulfonate salts are better soluble than the sulfate esters. 2. The lauryl system is better soluble than the sulfate esters. 3. The alkylol sulfate(CONH-OSO3H)that is induced amide radical to the fatty acid shows the excellent foaming power and detergency.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.5 no.2 s.6
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• pp.35-44
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• 1996

We propose a new method to remove salts that have permeated into excavated metal objects. This method cleans the excavated metal objects by using high temperature, high pressure deoxvgenated water containing inhibitors for corrosion of metals. The method greatly reduces the washing time compared with previous methods. Waste water from the method does not need treatment, nor do chemicals need to be removed from the metal objects. Furthermore, this method is applicable to some kind of metals(for example iron objects, bronze objects). We measured quantitatively the soluble salts dissolved from actual metal objects and found that there was a large difference between soluble chloride ions and sulfate ions.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.403-406
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• 2002

This experimental shows the possibility of using as biofertilizer, which convert insoluble inorganic phosphate salts to plant-usable phosphate type by immobilized microorganism with calcium alginate. In the case of culture of P. agglomerans on constant medium pH, phosphate was produced 357 mg/L after 18hrs. And in the case of culture of immobilzed P. agglomerans bead, phosphate was produced maximum 295.6 mg/L after 120 hrs. Also as using rock phosphate as insoluble phosphate salts, phosphate was respectably produced 190.3 and 195.2 mg/L after 36 hrs at free cells and immobilized cells. In our experiments, the using soils contained 23.16 g-P/kg-soil total phosphate and 3.76 g-P/kg-soil soluble phosphate. The result of 1g immobilized bead seeding, soluble phosphate was produced maximum 6.14 g-P/kg-soil phosphate and this value was increased continuously.