• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.497-500
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• 1993

Sealapex was compaired with a zinc oxide eugenol sealer over a 24 - wk interval to examine solubility in an in vitro situation. After obturation with gutta percha and the appropriate sealer, speciemens were immediately immersed in a saline solution to challenge the solubility of the sealers. The solutions were changed weekly to allow for a continued dissolution of the sealers. After immersed in methylene blue solution for 3 days, the speciemens were made transparent by a clearing process. Microscopic examination was used to determine the linear penetration of dye for each speciemen. Result revealed that sealapex had no greater dissolution than ZOE(P<0.05).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.3272-3278
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• 2010

Synthesis and structural characterization of peripherally ferrocene-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc-Fc) were carried out for efficient far-red/near-IR performance in dye-sensitized nanostructured $TiO_2$ solar cells. Incorporating ferrocene into phthalocyanine strongly improved the dye solubility in polar organic solvents, and reduced surface aggregation due to the steric effect of bulky ferrocene substituents. The involvement of electron transfer reaction pathways between ferrocene and phthalocyanine in ZnPc-Fc was evidenced by completely quenched fluorescence from S1 state (< 0.08% vs ZnPc). Strong absorption bands at 542 and 682 nm were observed in the transient absorption spectroscopy of ZnPc-Fc in DMSO, which was excited at a 670 nm laser pulse with a 15 ps full width at half maximum. Also, the excited state absorption signals at 450 - 600 and 750 - 850 nm appeared from the formation of charge separated state of phthalocyanine's anion. The lifetime of the charge separate state in ZnPc-Fc was determined to be $170{\pm}8$ ps, which was almost 17 times shorter than that of the ZnPc.

• Clean Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2003

This study shows the evaluation and consulting for pollution prevention of dye production by cleaner production methodology. Especially, this study intended to investigate the methods for reduction of process water and recovery of organic solvent (DMF), and to modify the process for higher qualified products in the acid dye production by cleaner production methodology. This methodology, consisting of 7 sequential phases (business leadership decision to start, problem definition, evaluation of the screened options, option selection for implementation, implementation, monitoring and sustainable implementation), is based on initial developments in the USA and Western Europe. Reduction of process water over 25%, recovery of DMF and solubility enhancement of acid dye over 2 times were achieved.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1195-1201
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• 2005

In order to develop a dye coloring technology on Conchiolin layer in cultured pearls, appropriate dyes were selected, their solubilities in various solvents were studied, and adsorption and desorption experiments were performed. Solubilities of several basic dyes known to suitable for the pearl coloring, i.e., Rhodamine 6G(R6), Rhodamine B(RB) and Methylene Blue(MB), in several solvents (distilled water, methanol, ethanol, and acetone) were investigated. Among these dyes, R6 was chosen as a dye for single component adsorption and desorption experiment due to the relatively good solubility in various solvents tested. Solubilities of dyes were judged to be enough to color the pearls since dye concentrations in pearl coloring are, in general, not so high. The internal surface area of the pearl layer is believed to be directly related to the dye adsorption, the single-point internal surface area of the pearl layer measured at the nitrogen relative pressure of 0.3 was found to be $0.913m^2/g$, and the BET internal surface area, $1.01m^2/g$ The most probable diameters of micropores and macropores were found to be $40{\AA}$and $5000{\AA}$ respectively, from the pore size distribution data. Adsorption isotherm was well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model, resulting in q=$\frac{1.62C}{1+1.09C^{.}}$

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.32-35
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• 2007

Cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligosaccharid material which shows an ability to incorporate organic guest molecules inside their cavity area. Thus, this ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ treatment on fiber substrates may provide the changed surface characteristics of the substrates such as solubility, chemical reactivity and spectral property. In this context, the aim of this present work is to make a bridge connection using hetero-bi-functional reactive dye between fiber substrates and ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$. In addition, the corresponding Berberine inclusion behaviors into the inner cavity of ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ was examined. The %exhaustion of Berberine inclusion as a guest molecule within the ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The findings showed that the %exhaustion of Berberine inclusion increased with increasing the prepared dye bridge compound and ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ host material.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.397-399
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• 2012

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received considerable attention as the most promising candidates for renewable energy systems in recent years. Among these, organic dyes which have many advantages such as large absorption coefficients, customized molecular design for desired photophysical and photochemical properties, inexpensiveness and environment-friendliness, are suitable as photosensitizers for DSSCs. We have studied on the design and synthesis of two organic dyes (BECZ 1 and BECZ 2) with a 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole core for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Two organic dyes comprised of two 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole moiety as electron-donor, two types of cyanoacrylic acid moiety acting as acceptor. In addition, n-ethyl unit introduced for increasing the solubility and the donating power. The obtained organic dyes were comprehensively characterized by NMR, GC-MS, FAB-MS and UV/Vis spectroscopies. DSSCs sensitized by the dyes BECZ1 and BECZ2 produced ${\eta}$ value 3.31% and a ${\eta}$ value 3.21%.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• v.67
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• pp.175-186
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• 2018

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), particularly carbon nanotube and graphene-based materials, are rapidly emerging as one of the most effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment. CNMs hold great potential as new generation adsorbents due to their high surface to volume ratio, as well as extraordinary chemical, mechanical and thermal stabilities. However, implementation of pristine CNMs in real world applications are still hindered due to their poor solubility in most solvents. Hence, surface modification of CNMs is essential for wastewater treatment application in order to improve its solubility, chemical stability, fouling resistance and efficiency. Numerous studies have reported the applications of functionalized CNMs as very promising adsorbents for treating organic and inorganic wastewater pollutants. In this paper, the removal of organic dye and phenol contaminants from wastewater using various type of functionalized CNMs are highlighted and summarized. Challenges and future opportunities for application of these CNMs as adsorbents in sustainable wastewater treatment are also addressed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2001

Density, viscosity, conductance, dye solubility and carbon-13 nmr studies were performed in aqueous solution of three disodium 4-n-alkyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate anionic surfactant at $20^{\circ}C$. The cmc values were 0.14 mol/l for the disodium-4-n-octyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate($R_{8)S$), 0.041mol/l for the disodium-4-n-decyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate($R_{10}S$), and 0.018mol/l for the disodium-n-dodecyl-3-sulfonatosuccinate <$R_{12}S$). The aggregation numbers determined viscometrically and conductimetrically were 28 for $R_{8}S$, 48 for $R_{10}S$, and 67 for $R_{12}S$. The volume changes upon micellization were $8.9cm^{3}/mol$ for $R_{8}S$, $9.5cm^{3}/mol$ for $R_{10}S$, and $10.1cm^{3}/mol$ for $R_{12}S$. Binding constants for the dye pada to the micelles and the fractions of unbound counter-ion were also obtained. The two polar heads with their carbon linkage were likely in an aqueous environment in the $R_{8}S$ micelles with the micelles themselves being spherical.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1989

In past, dye diffusion and dyeing rate in fibers have been emphasized in dyeing phenomena. However, in the light of the properties of colloids in the surface of disperse phase and dispersion, there exist specific characters such as adsorption or electric double layer, which seems to play important roles in determining the physiochemical properties in the dyeing system. Electrostatic bonding, hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals adsorption are common in dyeing as well as covalent bonding. Particularly, electrostatic bonding is premised on the existance of ionic radicals in fibers. The present study was aimed to clarify the electrokinetic phenomena of dyeing through the role of electric double layer by ion in amphoteric fibers with different ionic effects under different pH. Spectrophotometric analysis method was used to compare dyeing condition of surface, which can be detected by electrokinetic phenomena and the inner of fibers after deceleration of dyed fibers. Nylon and wool, the typical amphoteric fibers were dyed with monoazo acid dyes such as C.I. Acid Orange 20, and C.I. Acid Orange 10. Various combinations were prepared by combining pH, temperature and dye concentration, in order to generate streaming electric potential which were measured by microvolt meter and specific conductivity meter. The results were transformed to zeta potential by Helmholtz-Smoluchowski formular and to surface electric charge density by Suzawa formular, surface dye amount, and effective surface area of fibers. The amount of dyes of inner fibers were also measured by the Lambert-Beer’s law. The main results obtained are as follows. 1. By measuring zeta pontential, it was possible to detect the dyeing mechanism, surface charge density, surface dye amount and effective surface area concerning dye adsorption of the amphoteric fibers. 2. Zeta pontential increases in negative at low pH and high dye concentration in the process of dyeing. This implied that there existed ionic bond formation in the dyeing mechanism between acid dyes and amphoteric fibers. 3. Dibasic acid dye had little changing rate in zeta potential due to the difference in solubility of dye and in number of dissociated ions per dye molecule to bond with amino radicals of amphoteric fibers. The dye adsorption of mono basic acid dye was higher than that of dibasic acid dye. 4. The effective surface areas concerning dyeing were $6.3E+05\;cm^2/g$ in nylon, $1.6E+07\;cm^2/g$ in wool fiber being higher order of wool then nylon.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.408-415
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• 1999

When a zinc-oxide eugenol type sealer was placed in root canals treated previously with calcium hydroxide, acceleration of its setting and the yellowish discoloration were observed clinically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the properties of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound. Some physical properties of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound were compared with a manufactured zinc-oxide eugenol based root canal sealer, Tubli-seal$^{(R)}$ in terms of water solubility, water sorption, film thickness and microleakage. Solubility and water sorption were determined by the use of the method described in American Dental Association Specification(ADAS) no. 57. Ten samples of each material were prepared into disks 20mm in diameter and 1.5mm in thickness. The samples were immersed in 50ml of distilled water at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The samples were then removed and placed in a desiccator. The values for solubility and water sorption were calculated using differences between the weights of same sample. Film thickness was determined by the use of the method described in ADAS no. 57 too. A small quantity of mixed cement was placed between two glass plates of which thickness was measured previously. 15Kg loading was applied and total thickness of the glass plates and the cement film was measured. The thickness difference was recorded as the material's film thickness. Microleakage was determined with a dye penetration method. Experimental materials were placed between the dentin surface of bovine tooth and the acrylic rod. These units were immersed in Pelican ink (W-Germany) for three days. Dye-penetrated dentin surfaces of bovine tooth were measured using the NIB Image 1.60 Macintosh program. The results are as follows: 1. Water solubility value of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound (20.98${\pm}$2.94%) was statistically higher than those of Tubli-seal$^{(R)}$(2.52${\pm}$0.49%)(p<0.05). 2. Water sorption value of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound (59.72${\pm}$17.75%) was statistically higher than those of Tubli-seal$^{(R)}$(3.15${\pm}$0.76%)(p<0.05). 3. Film thickness value of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound (0.36${\pm}$0.03mm) was statistically higher than those of Tubli-seal$^{(R)}$(0.12${\pm}$0.1mm)(p<0.05). 4. Dye penetration value after 3 days-immersion of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound(57.63${\pm}$25.85%) was statistically higher than those of Tubli-seal$^{(R)}$(28.05${\pm}$23.46%)(p<0.05).