• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1241-1247
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• 2007

Contents of polyphenol compounds and the physiological activity of extracts from Grifola frondosa by water and methanol extraction were investigated to determine their functional effects. A functional beverage was developed using the extracts. The yield and phenolic compounds content of the water extracts were highest (49.2% and 327 mg/100 g, respectively), while for the methanol extraction method they were 28.7% and 130 mg/100 g, respectively. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was 76.3% for the water extract and 65.4% for methanol extract, whereas the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was low ($26.3{\sim}36.8%\;at\;1,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration) Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effect of water extract (75.1%) was higher compared to the methanol extracts (41.2%). Tyrosinase inhibition activity was 42.5% for the water extracts and 31.8% for the methanol extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The most acceptable formulation for G. frondosa beverage developed was 0.5% G. frondosa water extract, 8.0% oligosaccharide, 2.0% green tea extract, 2.0% jujube extract, 1.0% Solomon's seal extract, 0.01% vitamin C, and 2.0% apple extract. The final product had 9.8 Brix and color values of L, 35.2+1.1; a, 3.2+0.2; b, 13.6+0.3.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1843-1856
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• 2018

Tea is one of the most frequently consumed drinks due to its favourite taste and the health benefit. Tea is produced by several processes and drying is very important step to develop the flavour and destroys the enzymes in tea. However, during drying tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons some of which are carcinogen and genotoxin are naturally produced. The risk of PAHs by drinking tea was characterized by determining contents of 4 PAHs in tea. 4 PAHs including Benz(a)anthracene (BaA), Chrysene (CHR), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were investigated by GC-MS in total 468 tea products, which were contaminated up to $4.63ng\;g^{-1}$. Mate tea was the most highly contaminated by BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and followed by Solomon's seal and Chrysanthemum. The Margin of Exposures calculated by the concentration of BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and consumption amount of tea were higher than 10,000, and the risk of PAHs in tea were low concern to public health.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 1998

Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) was traditionally propagated by its rhizomes but seed propagation has not been practiced due to their dormancy and high price. To improve the seedling production through seed pretreatments, the experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seedcoat softening and seed prechilling on seed germination and bulbil formation of the seal. The prechilling was done for 4 to 16 weeks at $3^{\circ}C$ and the softening was forced with 10% KOH for 40 minutes. Seed germination, bulbil formation and length, no. of root and root length were measured at 6 and 12 weeks after sowing. Seed germination and bulbil formation were greater at 8 to 12 week prechilling than at shorter or longer treatment when only the prechilling was enforced. Prechilling had greater effect compared to seed coat softening. In addition, the softening treatment before prechilling showed higher germination and bulbil formation compared to single treatment of them. The softening treatment prior to prechilling was better than the reverse treatment in number of root except the above two characters. Duration of prechilling treatment was able to be shortened below 8 weeks when the softening treatment was applied before prechilling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.511-516
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• 2015

On this study, we investigated the removal characteristics of residual chlorine and DBPs in tap-water during boiling. Also we investigated the releasing characteristics of essential minerals in infusion tea. While recent studies focused on removal mechanisms of harmful heavy metals in infusion tea, this study tried to suggest the way to drink tap-water healthier and safer by examining releasing mechanisms of essential minerals in infusion tea. As a result, residual chlorine(initial conc. was 0.7 mg/L) was all removed in 20 minutes after heating and DBPs (the sum of THMs, HAAs and CH) were removed up to 65%. 6 kinds of essential minerals (Ca, K, Na, Mg, S, P) were released from 5 kinds of infusion tea (barley tea, corn tea, brown rice tea, cassia seed tea, solomon's seal tea) on the market. In cassia seed tea, the amount of essential minerals released from tea showed the highest values, 9.6 mg/g, and brown rice tea was the lowest, 1.6 mg/g. Particularly, the released amounts of potassium, playing a key role in human body in maintaining normal blood pressure, cell metabolism and enzyme action, showed relatively high. Through this study, we got to know that essential minerals can be obtained up to 40% of recommended nutritional intake for Korean by boiling tap-water with infusion tea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.333-339
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• 2002

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data for practical use of the Polygonatum genetic resources. The 20 collections were analyzed by principal component analysis of 8 characters and cluster analysis. In the principal analysis, the first, the second and the third components contributed 54.10%, 18.95% and 11.62% of the variations, respectively. The cumulative contribution from the first to the third principal components was 84.68%. The first principal component was related to shape and size of plant, and assimilatory, reserve and reproductive organs. The second principal component was related to growth and development of plant, and reserve organ. And the third principal component was related to growth and development of plant. Based on cluster analysis, the 20 collections were classified into 4 distinct groups with the average distance greater than 0.7 between groups. Group I was Polygonatum sibiricum $D_{ELAR}$ and Group II included P. odoratum var. pluriflorum $O_{HWI}$, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum $O_{HWI}$ for 'Variegatum' Y. Lee, for. nov., P. odoratum var. thunbergii $H_{ARA}$ and P. odoratum var. maximowiczii $K_{OIDZ}$. GroupIII was P. involucratum $M_{AXIM}$, P. desoulavyi $K_{OMAROV}$ and P. humile $F_{ISHER}$ ex. $M_{AXIM}$. And GroupIV included P. lasianthum var. coreanum $N_{AKAI}$ and P. inflatum $K_{OMAROV}$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1999

Seed-propagation of Solomon's seal (Polygonatum odoratum) takes 2 years to shorten the period for becoming a practical method. The experiment was done to establish a proper method of breaking the epicotyl dormancy in bulk seed-propagation. Seedlings with a bulbil were treated with $GA_3$ every 2 days for 4 or 8 days and chilling treatments at $3^{\circ}C$ were enforced for 4, 6, 8 or 12 weeks. Emergence- and growth-related characteristics were examined immediately after the treatments, 3 and 6 weeks later. Rate of cotyledonary sheath rupture immediately after $GA_3$ treatment was greater in its 8-day treatment than in 4-day although its effect disappeared later. However, any epicotyl treated with $GA_3$ solution did not elongate so that new seedlings disemerged over the bed soil. That resulted from not breaking the epicotyl dormancy since $GA_3$ did not rupture all of the cotyledonary sheath formed with several sheets and consequently, the solution did not reach it. The $GA_3$ treatment for bulk seed-propagation, therefore, was impractical method. On the contrary, the chilling treatment was able to be applied to the seed-propagation because of getting the cotyledonary sheath rupture and the epicotyl elongation. Seedling emergence and its growth after chilling treatment were influenced by chilling period although required at least over 6-week treatment for satisfactory results.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.260-268
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• 2002

Morphological characteristics and growth patterns of 20 Polygonatum collections indigenous to Korea were examined and the collections were classified to obtain the basic data for practical use of Polygonatum genetic resources. Based on the cluster analysisi 20 collections were distinctly classified into seven groups with average distance greater than 0.6 between groups. Group I was p. sibiricum Delar, and group II included p. odoratum var. pluriforum Ohwi, P. odoratum var. pturiforum Ohwi 'Variegata' and P. odoratum var. maximowiczii Koidz.. Group III was P. odoratum var. thunbergii Hara, group IV included P. lasianthum var. coreanum Nakai, and group V was P. involucratum Maxim. and P. desoulavyi Komarov. group Ⅵ was P. inflatum Komarov and group Ⅶ was P. humile Fischer ex. Maxim. Morphologically, group I was larger than the other groups, group II and III were medium, and group IV to Ⅶ were small. In the classification of genus Polyognatum, stem length, stem habit, phyllotaxis, stem angularity, petiole, inflorescence, perianth, bract and rhizome were particularly important characters. Group I to III were thought to be useful as the edible and medicinal resources plants, and group IV to Ⅶ were thought to be useful as ornamental plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2002

Morphological characteristics and growth pattern of 10 Polygonatum collections indigenous to Korea were examined to select the promising medicinal, edible resources and horticultural crops. Plant heights of I0 collections ranged from 15 to 102cm. Stem type was ascending or erect, and node numbers per a stem was 6.2 to 23.2. Phyllotaxis type was alternate or verticillate, and leaf shape was elliptical or linear. Leave numbers per a stem was 5.2 to 63.4, and bract types were classified into bracteate and nonbracteate. Flowers bloomed from May 7 to May 30, and flowering period was 5 to 13 days. Inflorescence types were classified into racemose, corymbose, and umbellate. Flower numbers per a stem was 1.5 to 125.2, and flower length was 13.1 to 30.2㎜. Perianth shapes were classified into tubular, constrict and urceolate. Surface colors of rhizome were pale yellow, pale brown, brown, and dark brown. As a result of this experiment, P. sibiricum, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum and P. odoratum var. thunbergii were thought to be useful as the medicinal and edible resources plants. On the other hand, P. odoratum var. pluriflorum 'Variegata', and P. odoratum var. maximowiczii, P. lasianthum. P. involucratum, P. desoulavyi, P. humile, and P. inflatum were thought to be useful as horticultural plants.