• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.551-556
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• 2002

Solid particle erosion wear characteristics of high Cr white iron hardfacing were investigated using the erosion wear test method according with the ASTM G76-95. Wear experiments, where the blast angle, blast distance and blast pressure were selected as test variables, were planned and analyzed by response surface method (RSM to evaluate the wear loss statistically and quantitatively. The measured wear losses well coincided with the calculated ones by the experimental equation. The wear loss of high Cr cast iron hardfacing was increased with blasting pressure, but affected in a complicated way by the blasting angle and distance. Erosion wear of high Cr cast iron hardfacing could be well predicted by RSM analysis of wear variables.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.506-511
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• 2012

Aluminum brazing normally requires a careful control of temperature due to the small interval between brazing and melting temperatures for base materials. Unsuitable processing conditions, including brazing temperature outside admissible range, gap between brazed materials or inadequate flux feeding, can lead to joining defects. In this study, A357 was used as a filler metal for the brazing of pure aluminum base materials and brazed at temperatures in the semi-solid state. Interface microstructures with base materials were observed using optical metallography(OM) and scanning electron microcopy(SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), and compared to conventional aluminum brazing.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.721-726
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• 2001

Directional solidification experiments have been carried out at the solidification rates from 0.5 to 50$\mu\textrm{m}$/s in Mar M-247LC superalloy in which several important liquid properties were estimated by analyzing the interface stability and temperature gradient at the solid/liquid interface. The diffusion coefficient in the liquid was estimated by employing the constitutional supercooling criterion. The temperature gradients changed with solidification rates and latent heat of solidification. The thermal conductivities of solid and liquid could be estimated by heat flux balance at the solid liquid interface.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2010년도 제34회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.113-122
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• 2010

고체추진기관의 연소 환경에서 복잡한 형상을 갖는 내열 복합재료의 온도, 밀도분포 및 삭마두께를 예측할 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. 복합재료의 내부 열반응은 Arrhenius 모델을 이용하였으며, 표면 삭마반응은 Zvyagin 이론을 사용하였다. 표면 삭마에 의한 경계조건 및 격자 이동은 상용해석 코드에서 활용되는 Rezoning-remeshing 기법을 사용하였다. 형상이 복잡한 부품으로 이루어진 2차원 축대칭 노즐 조립체에 적용된 방법은 향후 3차원 FEM 열구조 해석에 활용을 목표로 발전될 것이다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2018

Perovskite type ceramic membranes which exhibit dual ion conduction (proton and oxygen ion conduction) can permeate water and can aid solving operational problems such as temperature gradient and carbon deposition associated with a working solid oxide fuel cell. From this point of view, it is crucial to reveal water transport mechanism and especially the nature of the surface sites that is necessary for water incorporation and evolution. $BaCe_{0.8}Y_{0.2}O_{3-{\alpha}}$ (BCY20) was used as a model proton and oxygen ion conducting membrane in this work. Four different catalytically modified membrane configurations were used for the investigations and water flux was measured as a function of temperature. In addition, CO was introduced to the permeate side in order to test the stability of membrane against water and $CO/CO_2$ and post operation analysis of used membranes were carried out. The results revealed that water incorporation occurs on any exposed electrolyte surface. However, the magnitude of water permeation changes depending on which membrane surface is catalytically modified. The platinum increases the water flux on the feed side whilst it decreases the flux on the permeate side. Water flux measurements suggest that platinum can block water permeation on the permeate side by reducing the access to the lattice oxygen in the surface layer.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1994년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.8-12
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• 1994

Solid solutions $Sr_2$($Ta_{1-x}$$Nb_{x}$)$_2$$O_{7}$ (x = 0.0 - 1.0) composed of strontium-tantalate (low Curie temperature) and strontium-niobate (high Curie temperature) were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method and the molten salt synthesis method (flux method). Phase relation, sintering temperature, grain-orientation and dielectric properties were investigated for sintered ceramic samples with different compositions. Both Curie temperature and dielectric constant at Curie temperature were increased, and sintering behavior and the degree of grain-orientation were improved with the increase of Nb content. Single phase $Sr_2$$Nb_2$$O_{7}$ powder was synthesized by using flux method at lower temperatures, and sintering temperature was also reduced by using flux method derived powder than using mixed-oxide derived powder. Sintering characteristics and dielectric properties of specimens prepared by flux method were better than those derived through the conventional method.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.790-797
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• 2011

삼상유동층에서 수력학적 유사성을 규모인자(scaling factor)를 이용하여 해석하였다. 규모인자는 직경이 다른 두 종류의 삼상유동층간의 기체, 액체, 그리고 고체입자의 체류량과 단위면적당 유효부피흐름속도를 기준으로 정의하였다. 두 종류 삼상유동층의 직경은 각각 0.102 m와 0.152 m이었다. 여과된 압축공기, 물 그리고 밀도가 2,500 kg/$m^3$인 유리구슬을 각각 기체, 액체 그리고 유동고체입자로 사용하였다. 각 삼상유동층에서 각 상들의 체류량은 정압강하법에의해 결정하였다. 기체 및 액체의 유속 그리고 고체유동입자의 크기가 각 상들을 기준으로한 규모인자와 유효부피흐름속도를 기준으로한 규모인자에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 직경이 다른 두 삼상유동층에서 기체 체류량의 편차는 기체와 액체의 유속이 증가함에 따라 감소하였으나 유동입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 직경이 다른 두 종류 삼상유동층에서 액체 체류량 편차는 기체와 액체 그리고 고체유동입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 두 종류 삼상유동층에서 고체입자 체류량 편차는 기체유속과 유동입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 액체의 유속이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 직경이 다른 두 종류 삼상유동층에서 유효부피흐름속도를 매개로 한 규모인자는 기체유속과 유동입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 감소하였으나 액체의 유속이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 정의된 규모인자는 삼상유동층 공정의 수력학적 유사성을 해석하는데 효과적으로 사용될 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.800-808
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• 2005

It is required to propose an alternatives for appropriate sludge treatment owing to persistent construction of sewage treatment plant and increase of sewage sludge quantity. In order to treat sludge more efficiently, the methods which reduce the cost of sludge treatment have been studied such as sludge reduction and conditioning. Especially ozone treatment reduces solid quantity and improves separation of solid-liquid at the same time. Therefore ozone treatment have a positive effect on reduction and stabilization of sludge. So, this study applied ozone to sewage sludge and induced cell destruction of sludge. By comparing with the correlation between thickening and dewatering, and evaluating moisture content and solubilization of cake, this study verificates the effect of process improvement for ozone pre-treatment. In J-STP case, according to ozone dose solid flux increased about 12 times from $1kg/m^2{\cdot}h$ to $12kg/m^2{\cdot}h$. Also this plant were capable to shorten thickening time from 40 minutes to 6~7 minutes. Thus it is expected to reduce volume and retention time of thickener. On pH effect factor, dewatering at pH4 was more than at pH11, $3.05{\times}10^{11}$ and $3.82{\times}10^{11}(m/kg)$. But effect of pH was analogous to ozone, $2.81{\times}10^{11}(m/kg)$. The effect of pH on thickening was similar to law sludge, $0.68(kg/m^2{\cdot}h)$, and the effect of ozone injection on thickening was the biggest, $3.45(kg/m^2{\cdot}h)$. The COD solubilization rate improved from about 5 to 30%. So it is judged that we are able to utilize most solubilized sludge to another sewage treatment plants.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.3-17
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• 1999

산호제의 양이 충분치 못한 밀폐된 공간에서는 화재가 발생하지 않으리라는 기대를 깨고, 다공성 물질내부에서 공극안에 있는 산화제를 이용하여 서서히 연소되는 smoldering 반응을 통하여 대형 화재가 발생할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 하나의 실제 화재 사건을 화재 조사 방법에 의하여 기술한 보고서를 바탕으로 하여 smoldering 연소가 화재의 발생에 미치는 영향을 예시하였으며, 예시된 사고의 smoldering 연소를 강제대류에 의한 하향식 역방향 smoldering으로 모델링하였다. 화학반응으로는 열분해가 없는 1 단계 반응이 채택되어, 온도 및 산화제의 공간적 분포와 smoldering의 전파속도를 수치적으로 모사하였다. 수치결과로서 유입되는 산화제의 양과 연료의 공극률이 반응지역의 전파속도를 결정하는 가장 우세한 인자로 파악되었다. 그러므로 smoldering 에 의한 화재 발생시 유입되는 산화제의 양과 연료의 공극률과의 관계를 알고 있다면 주어진 연료의 공극률에 대하여 유입되는 산화제의 양을 제어함으로써 불길로의 천이를 억제할 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1235-1244
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• 1994

In this study, experimental results of the nucleate boling of wire-wrapped tubes are provided. Both water and R-113 were boiled. Solid stainless steel wires, stranded copper wires and stranded nylon wires were tested. Solid stainless wire is effective to enhance the boiling of water. The performance is approximately the same(or slightly better at certain conditions) as that of GEWA-T tubes. For the test range of wire diameter 0.6 $mm{\le}d{\le}2.6 mm$, the optimum gap width increases as the wire diameter increases. The maximum heat transfer coefficient was obtained for the 1.0 mm diameter wire, and it is 1.6 times larger than that of the GEWA-T at the heat flux of 20 $kW/m^{2}.$ Solid stainless wire is also effective to enhance the boling of R-113 at low heat fluxes. The performance of the wire-wrapped tube approaches that of GEWA-T. At high heat fluxes, however, the enhancement decreases. The reason may be attributed to the cavity shape and the high wettability of the refrigerants. Stranded copper or nylon wire is effective to enhance the boiling of R-113. The performance is approximately the same(or slightly better) as that of GEWA-T tubes. Maximum heat transfer was obtained for the stranded nylon wire, and it is approximately 1.4 times larger than that for the GEWA-T at the heat flux of 20 $kW/m^{2}.$ The reason may be atrributed to the favorable thermal environment in the restricted regions formed by twisted wires.