• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.126.2-126.2
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• 2011

ZnS thin films were deposited with the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique at various temperatures and sputtering powers. With the increase in the deposition temperature and the decrease in the radio frequency sputtering power, the crystallinity was increased and the surface roughness was decreased, which lead to the decrease in the electrical resistivity of the film. It is also clearly observed that, the intensity of the (111) XRD peak increases with increasing the substrate temperature. On the other hand, as seen in the FWHM decreased with increasing the substrate temperature. Since the FWHM of the (111) diffraction peak is inversely properties to the grain size of the film, then grain size of ZnS thin film increases with increasing the substrate temperature. The electrical resistivity and optical transmittance of the ZnS film as a function of the post-annealing temperature. It can be seen that with the annealing temperature set at $400^{\circ}C$, the resistivity decreases to a minimum value of $2.1{\times}10^{-3}\;{\Omega}cm$ and the transmittance increases to a maximum value of 80% of the ZnS film.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.577-580
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• 2014

CIGS 태양 전지용 cadmium (Cd)-free $In(OH)_xS_y$ 버퍼층을 화학적 용액성장법을 이용해서 형성시켰고 최적 반응시간을 파악하였다. 투과율 측정과 함께 이온집적빔 시스템으로 직접 박막을 관찰해서 박막성장 조건을 최적화 하였으며 X선 회절분석법과 X선 광전자 분광법, 주사현미경을 이용해서 박막의 특성을 파악하였다. 그 결과 $In(OH)_xS_y$ 버퍼층의 증착을 위한 최적 반응 시간은 온도 섭씨 $70^{\circ}$의 조건에서 20 min임을 확인하였으며, 이때의 버퍼층의 두께는 57 nm 가량이었고 밴드갭 에너지는 2.7 eV를 나타내었다. 아울러 molybdenum (Mo)층과 CIGS층 위에서 $In(OH)_xS_y$ 버퍼층을 형성시키는 경우에 XPS 피크의 차이는 볼 수 없었다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2022

스마트 윈도우는 건물의 에너지 절감을 실현할 수 있는 신소재 건축 자재이며, 상황에 따라 가시광선 투과율(Visible Light Transmittance), 일사획득계수(Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, g-value)를 자유롭게 조절할 수 있는 특징을 가진다. Electrochromic(EC), Suspended Particle Device(SPD), Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal(PDLC) 등이 스마트 윈도우에 해당되며 현재 실용화 단계에 있다. 최근 스마트 윈도우의 VLT 및 g-value 조절 기능을 통해 건축물의 에너지를 절감하는 방법에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있으며, 일부 유의미한 결과가 도출되고 있다. 하지만, 건축물의 에너지 절감에 대해서 연구의 영역이 제한되어 있고, 실내 환경에 대한 연구는 다소 부족한 실정이다. 에너지 절감에만 초점을 맞춘 실내 공간은 충분한 쾌적성이 확보되지 않기 때문에 실내 환경에 대한 고려가 요구된다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 사무공간을 기준으로 채광성능(Daylight Performance) 분석이 수행되었다. 세계 각 국의 친환경 건축인증제도인 LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE, G-SEED의 기준을 통해 스마트 윈도우의 VLT 조절에 따른 채광성능 검토가 이루어졌으며, 쾌적한 실내 채광환경을 유지할 수 있는 스마트 윈도우의 VLT 범위에 대한 고찰이 이루어졌다. 분석을 위해 사용된 스마트 윈도우는 VLT 조절 범위가 가장 넓은 EC가 사용되었다. 분석 결과 한국의 친환경 건축인증제도인 G-SEED의 평균주광률을 충족하기 위한 스마트 윈도우의 최소 VLT는 25% 이상으로 나타났으며, 스마트 윈도우의 VLT 조절은 균제도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, LEED의 실내 최소조도의 기준을 적용할 시 적용되어야 하는 계절 및 향에 대한 스마트 윈도우의 VLT 조절 범위 값이 도출되었다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1993년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.1147-1149
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• 1993

ZnO/$SnO_2$:F bilayer films have been prepared by pyrosol deposition method to develop optimum transparent electrode for use in amorphous silicon solar cells. The solution for $SnO_2:F$ film was composed of $SnCl_4{\cdot}5H_2O,\;NH_4F,\;CH_3OH$ and HCl, and ZnO films have been deposited on the $SnO_2:F$ films by using the solution of $ZnO(CH_3COO){_2}{\cdot}2H_2O,\;H_2O\;and\;CH_3OH$. These films have been investigated the variation of electrical and optical properties under the hydrogen plasma exposure. The sheet resistance of the $SnO_2:F$ film was sharply increased and its transmittance was decreased with the blackish effect after plasma treatment. However, the ZnO/$SnO_2:F$ bilayer film was shown hydrogen plasma durability because the electrical and optical properties was almost unchanged more then 60 seconds exposure time.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.49-52
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• 2009

Practical building integrated photovoltaic system built by Kolon E&C has been monitored and evaluated with respect to power generation, which was installed in Deokpyeong Eco Service Area in Deokpyeong, Gyeonggi, Korea. The amorphous silicon transparent PV module in this BIPV system has 44Wp in power output per unit module and 10% of transmittance with the unit dimension with $980mm{\times}950mm$. The BIPV system was applied as the skylight in the main entrance of the building. This study provided the database for the practical application of the transparent thin-film PV module for BIPV system through 11 month monitoring as well as various statistical analyses such as monthly power output and insolation. Average monthly power output of the system was 52.9kWh/kWp/month which is a 60% of power output of the previously reported data obtained under $30^{\circ}$of an inclined PV module facing south(azimuth=0). This lower power output can be explained by the installation condition of the building facing east, west and south, which was resulted from the influence of azimuth.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2015

ZnO is gathering great interest for large square optoelectrical devices of flat panel display (FHD) and solar cell as a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Herewith, Mg and IIIA (Al, In) co-doped ZnO films were prepared on SLG substrate using RF magnetron sputtering system. The effect of variation of atomic weight % of Mg and ZnO have been investigated. The atomic weight % Al and In are of 3% and kept constant throughout. The numbers of samples were prepared according to their different contents, which are $M_{3%}AZO_{94%}$, $M_{4%}AZO_{93%}-(MAZO)$ and $M_{3%}IZO_{94%}$, $M_{4%}IZO_{93%}-(MIZO)$ respectively. A RF power of 225 W and working pressure of 6 m Torr was used for the deposition at $300^{\circ}C$. All of the two thin film show good uniformity in field emission scanning electron microscopy image. $M_{3%}AZO_{94%}$ thin film shows overall better performance among the all. The film shows the best lowest resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility and Sheet resistance and is found to be are of $8.16{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}cm$, $4.372{\times}10^{20}/cm^3$, $17.5cm^2/vs$ and $8.9{\Omega}/sq$ respectively. Also $M_{3%}AZO_{94%}$ thin film shows the relatively high optical band gap energy of 3.7 eV with high transmittance more than 80% in visible region required for the better solar cell performance.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2019

In this study, we have proposed an improved method to detect forest fires by correcting the reflected signals of day images using the middle-wavelength infrared (MWIR) channel. The proposed method is allowed to remove the reflected signals only using the image itself without an existing data source such as a land-cover map or atmospheric data. It includes the processing steps for calculating a solar-reflected signal such as 1) a simple correction model of the atmospheric transmittance for the MWIR channel and 2) calculating the image-based reflectance. We tested the performance of the method using the MODIS product. When compared to the conventional MODIS fire detection algorithm (MOD14 collection 6), the total number of detected fires was improved by approximately 17%. Most of all, the detection of fires improved by approximately 30% in the high reflection areas of the images. Moreover, the false alarm caused by artificial objects was clearly reduced and a confidence level analysis of the undetected fires showed that the proposed method had much better performance. The proposed method would be applicable to most satellite sensors with MWIR and thermal infrared channels. Especially for geostationary satellites such as GOES-R, HIMAWARI-8/9 and GeoKompsat-2A, the short acquisition time would greatly improve the performance of the proposed fire detection algorithm because reflected signals in the geostationary satellite images frequently vary according to solar zenith angle.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine effect of different environment conditions in glass, PC, PET and PE greenhouses controlled by different environment control systems on the growth of green pepper. Light transmittance of 64.7% in the glass greenhouse was the highest among different green-houses. Air temperature was the highest in the glass greenhouse when ventilators were closed, and was the highest in the PE greenhouse when ventilators were open. Air relative humidity was the highest in the PE greenhouse during 24 hours. The amount of solar energy accumulated in soil was the greatest in the glass greenhouse and this energy released during the night escaped through covering materials. Latent heat and solar energy affected air temperature increased in greenhouses. The air temperature of glass greenhouse was 27.5$^{\circ}C$ at 11 O clock, which was the highest air temperature among the all greenhouse types. Clear differences were observed in leaf area and plant height at 30 days after transplanting. Days to first flowering was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 72.7 days. Flower shedding was the greatest in the PE greenhouse with 12.6%. Days to fruit harvesting was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 14.3 days. Fruit quality, such as fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit flesh thickness, and vitamin C content, was the best in the glass greenhouse. Percent marketable fruits was the highest with 95.3% when the pepper was grown hydroponically in the glass greenhouse.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.760-765
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• 2011

Znic sulfide (ZnS) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The substrate temperature varied from room temperature (RT) to $500^{\circ}C$. The structural and optical properties of ZnS films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and UV-visible transmission spectra. The XRD analyses reveal that ZnS films have cubic structures with (111) preferential orientation, whereas the diffraction patterns sharpen with the increase in substrate temperatures. The FESEM images indicate that ZnS films deposited at $400^{\circ}C$ have nano-sized grains with a grain size of ~ 67 nm. Then films exhibit relatively high transmittance of 80% in the visible region, with an energy band gap of 3.71 eV. One obvious result is that the energy band gap of the film increases with increasing the substrate temperatures.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2024

In this study, ITO thin films were fabricated on a glass substrate at different thicknesses without introducing oxygen using RF sputtering system. The structural, electrical, and optical properties were evaluated at various thicknesses ranging from 50 to 300 mm. As the thickness of deposited ITO thin film become thicker from 50 to 100 mm, carrier concentration, mobility, and band gap energy also increased while the resistivity and transmittance decreased in the visible light region. When the film thickness increased from 100 to 300 mm, the carrier concentration, mobility, and band gap energy decreased while the resistivity and transmittance increased. The optimum electrical properties were obtained for the ITO film 100 nm. After optimizing the thickness, the ITO thin films were post-annealed at different temperatures ranging from 100 to 300℃. As the annealing temperature increased, the ITO crystal phase became clearer and the grain size also increased. In particular, the ITO thin film annealed at 300℃ indicated high carrier concentration (4.32 × 10²¹ cm^-3), mobility (9.01 cm²/V·s) and low resistivity (6.22 × 10^-4 Ω·cm). This means that the optimal post-annealing temperature is 300℃ and this ITO thin film is suitable for use in solar cells and display application.