• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 디젤오염토양에서 활성화된 토착미생물을 이용한 DBM을 포한한 디젤첨가제와 유사한 물리화학적 특성을 갖는 가솔린첨가제를 대상으로 호기성 조건에서의 생분해성 평가를 수행하였다. Toluene, Ethanol 등이 가장 높은 활성도를 보였고, 일차분해상수는 $0.11{\sim}0.3day^{-1}$의 범위를 보여주었다. 반면에, 가솔린첨가제인 MTBE는 낮은 분해 특성을 보여주어 토양미생물에 제한적인 분해기질로 나타났다. 이와 더불어, DBM과 TGME를 대상으로 초기농도의 증가에 따른 분해 특성을 조사한 결과 초기농도 증가에 따라 분해속도는 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 DBM과 TGME의 생분해도를 평가하기 위한 방안으로 디젤첨가제의 저감과 동시에 $CO_2$ 생성 모니터링과 조류에 의한 독성 변화를 조사한 결과, 디젤첨가제의 농도 감소와 더불어 $CO_2$ 생성량의 증가는 DBM과 TGME의 무기화를 간접적으로 보여주고 있으나, DBM과 TGME이 완전히 분해되었음에도 불구하고 조류에 의한 잔류 독성이 남아있는 결과는 완전 무기화가 일어나지 않고 중간 부산물이 생성된 것으로 추정된다. 그럼에도 불구하고, DBM과 TGME를 포한한 디젤첨가제에 대한 생물학적 분해 연구는 국내에서 처음 보여주는 결과로 국내 유류오염지역의 생물학적 자연저감의 원리를 적용한 현장적용 타당성을 좀 더 높여주는 결과라고 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2014

It is necessary to decide the pumping rate and pumping well location together with the capture zone in order to determine an appropriate groundwater remediation strategy to manage the contaminated groundwater. The relationship between the capture zone and the drawdown radius of influence ($ROI_s$) was considered. $ROI_{cs}$ is defined as the distance where the criteria of drawdown is cs meter from pumping well in this paper. A method to decide the required pumping rate for the remediation of contaminated groundwater in order to create appropriate $ROI_{cs}$ is suggested by using the Theis equation (1935) and Cooper-Jacob equation (1946). It was shown in this study that $ROI_{cs}$ is in proportion to the pumping rate and the criteria of drawdown, which decides $ROI_{cs}$, is inversely proportional to Ti value (transmissivity ${\times}$ hydraulic gradient). The pumping rate which creates the required $ROI_{cs}$ could be planned through the relationship between the $ROI_{cs}$ and pumping rates ($ROI_{cs}$-Q curve) of the field sites 1, 2 and 3. If the drawdown is investigated along with Ti value and pumping rate at a specific site where pump and treat remediation is planned, it is expected that the required criteria of drawdown can be evaluated by using the relationship between the cs and Ti (cs-Ti curve).

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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• pp.479-492
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• 2003

Wheat, barley, rye, and maize were grown in field and pot experiments at various non-contaminated soils in order to establish uptake rates for added selenate, and to find baseline concentrations for various soil types. Edible parts (grains) and stalks of the crops were analyzed separately for Se, as well as for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, S, and Zn. The addition of Na-selenate in admixture with the NPK 20:8:8 fertilizer had no influence on the composition of the other elements investigated. The proportions of added nitrate: selenate, and sulfate:selenate were kept constant. The Se- uptake rate differed among the cereals tested, it was highest for winter wheat. Utilization of added Se in the field ranged from $0,4-4,7\%$, and and in the pots from $3,3-5,4\%$, it was markedly lower in clay soil. Whereas P and Zn were preferably found in the grains, Ca-Fe-Mn-S got enriched in the stalks. For the fields, the location had some influence upon Fe, Mn, and Zn, whereas it was not important for P, S, Cu, and strikingly, Ca. Pot and field experiments on similar soils led to different results, except for P and S. Maize (whole grains) was significantly lower in Ca, Cu, and Mn, and might even cause trace element deficiencies, if exclusively fed. Few correlations between the trace elements investigated led to the conclusion that most element contents were governed by plant metabolism. Variations of mobile Fe in the soils were balanced by uptake into the stalks. The data are compared with data from other presumably non-contaminated sites.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2021

국내 오염시나리오별 안정화 효율과 경제성이 뛰어난 안정화제를 선택하여 적용할 수 있도록, 국내외에서 연구된 대표적인 안정화제를 대상으로 국내 중금속 오염 현장 부지 특성별 중금속 안정화 효율이 높은 안정화제 순위를 결정하였다. 총 5종류의 오염시나리오를 가정하여 각각 해당되는 국내 오염부지 토양을 확보하였다. 국내외 활용도와 안정화 효율 연구 결과, 오염특성별 부지 시나리오에 적용 가능성 등을 고려하여 기존에 연구되었던 안정화제 13가지를 선정하였다. 선정한 오염 토양과 안정화제의 오염 가능성과 현장 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 XRD/XRF 분석, 독성용출시험과 인공강우용출시험 등을 실시하였다. 부지 오염시나리오를 대표하는 5종류 오염 토양에 대하여 선정된 13종의 안정화제에 의한 비소, 수은, 납, 6가 크롬, 아연, 니켈, 구리 등 총 8종의 중금속(반금속인 비소 포함) 용출 저감 효과를 규명하는 용출 배치실험을 수행하였다. 총 5개 오염 토양에 대하여 13개 안정화제 주입 비율 3%, 5%, 7% 적용 시, 각 중금속(비소 포함)에 대한 중금속 용출 저감 효율이 안정화제를 주입하지 않은 토양 대비 20% 이상을 나타내는 안정화제 중에서 저감 효율이 높은 순위부터 5개 안정화제(Top 5)를 선택하였다. 각 안정화제에 대하여 안정화제 주입비율, 중금속 종류, 부지별 조건에 따라 수행된 배치실험 결과에 대하여 Top 5에 해당하는 총 횟수를 합산하여, 다양한 국내 부지 오염시나리오에 적용할 수 있는 안정화제의 순위를 결정하였다. 5개 오염 토양에 대하여 8개 중금속 항목별 용출 저감 효율이 20% 이상인 경우, 가장 안정화 효율이 높은 순위는 광산배수처리 슬러지(mine drainage treatment sludge), 산화철, 생석회, 소석회-석회석, 황화철, 바이오차 순으로 나타났다. 위 안정화제들에 대하여 안정화제의 효율대비 단가를 산정한 결과, 광산배수처리 슬러지, 석회석, 제강슬래그(비소의 경우), 생석회, 소석회 순으로 경제성이 높게 나타나 현장 적용성이 뛰어난 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.106-114
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• 2017

There is an increasing concern over heavy metal(loid) contamination of soil in agricultural areas including paddy soils. This study was conducted to determine the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for heavy metal(loid)s to brown rice grown in paddy soils vulnerable to heavy metal(loid)s contamination, for the quantitative health risk assessment to the residents living nearby the metal contaminated regions. The samples were collected from 98 sites nationwide in the year 2015. The mean and range BCF values of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in brown rice were 0.027 (0.001 ~ 0.224), 0.143 (0.001 ~ 2.434), 0.165 (0.039 ~ 0.819), 0.028 (0.005 ~ 0.187), 0.006 (0.001 ~ 0.048), and 0.355 (0.113 ~ 1.263), respectively, with Zn showing the highest. Even though the relationship between heavy metal(loid) contents in the vulnerable soils and metal contents in brown rice collected at the same fields was not significantly correlated, the relationship between log contents of heavy metal(loid)s in the vulnerable soils and BCF of brown rice wes significantly correlated with As, Cd, Cu, and Zn in rice. In conclusion, soil environmental risk assessment for crop uptake should consider the bioconcentration factor calculated using both the initial and vulnerable heavy metal(loid) contents in the required soil and the crop cultivated in the same fields.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.44-63
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• 2000

Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1205-1215
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• 2015

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the symbiosis of AMF associated with an antimony (Sb) accumulator plant under natural conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the colonization and molecular diversity of AMF associated with the Sb accumulator ramie (Boehmeria nivea) growing in Sb-contaminated soils. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from Xikuangshan in southern China. PCR-DGGE was used to analyze the AMF community composition in ramie roots. Morphological identification was also used to analyze the species in the rhizosphere soil of ramie. Results obtained showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis was established successfully even in the most heavily polluted sites. From the unpolluted site Ref to the highest polluted site T4, the spore numbers and AMF diversity increased at first and then decreased. Colonization increased consistently with the increasing Sb concentrations in the soil. A total of 14 species were identified by morphological analysis. From the total number of species, 4 (29%) belonged to Glomus, 2 (14%) belonged to Acaulospora, 2 (14%) belonged to Funneliformis, 1 (7%) belonged to Claroideoglomus, 1 (7%) belonged to Gigaspora, 1 (7%) belonged to Paraglomus, 1 (7%) belonging to Rhizophagus, 1 (7%) belonging to Sclervocystis, and 1 (7%) belonged to Scutellospora. Some AMF sequences were present even in the most polluted site. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis both revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant genus in this AMF community. This study demonstrated that ramie associated with AMF may have great potential for remediation of Sb-contaminated soils.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2003

경상북도 군위군에 위치하는 고로 폐아연광산의 광미 및 광폐석 유실에 의한 주변 농경지 토양 및 하천 퇴적토의 오염을 조사하였다. 폐광산하부에서부터 하천을 따라 직선길이 약 12 km 구간에서 퇴적토 및 토양을 표토와 심토로 나누어 채취하였으며, 토양시료에 대한 분석은 0.1N(비소의 경우만 만 HCl 약산 추출법인 토양오염공정시험법으로 실시하였다. 폐광산 하부 주 하천의 표층 퇴적토는 카드뮴과 납에 대하여 하천 상류 지역에서 토양오염우려기준치를 초과하였으며, 비소는 총 표토 시료 14개 중 6개(43％)에서 토양오염우려기준치를 초과하였고, 이중 4지점은 토양오염대책기준치를 초과하였다. 특히 폐광산과의 거리에 관계없이 하천 전체에 걸쳐 퇴적토의 표토들이 비소에 폭 넓게 오염되어있어서 이들에 대한 복원 대책이 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 폐광산 주변 농경지 토양 분석 결과 표토와 심토 모두 비소를 제외한 중금속의 오염은 토양오염우려기준치이하로 나타났으나, 비소의 경우 표토 시료 채취 8 지점 중 4지점에서 토양오염우려기준치를 초과하였으며, 이중 3지점에서 토양오염대책기준치를 초과함으로서 주변 농경지 토양의 표토도 비소로 심하게 오염되어있음을 알 수 있었다. 폐광산 하부 주 하천 수질 조사 결과, 폐광산 갱내수와 침전지 주변을 제외하고는 하천 수질은 모든 중금속에 대해 매우 낮은 것으로 나타나, 폐광산 주변의 토양오염은 하천수질에 의한 오염이기보다는 폐광산 주변에 적재된 폐광석과 광미들이 우기시 하천을 범람하며 유출되어 진행되었을 것으로 판단되었다. 폐광산 주변 지역의 오염 정도를 토양환경보전법에 명시된 오염 등급(Pollution Grade)으로 평가한 결과, 비소의 경우 토양오염우려기준 이상의 농도를 나타내는 농경지 토양과 하천퇴적토 지역이 많아, 향후 비소에 대한 토양 복원이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 오염분석 결과와 현장 농경지 조사를 바탕으로 복원이 필요한 하천 퇴적토 및 농경지 토양 면적을 산정하였으며, 하천 퇴적토의 경우 토양세척법을 이용하여 비소와 납을 제거하고, 농경지 토양의 경우 석회를 첨가한 반전객토법을 실시하는 토양 복원 대책을 수립하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2005

Twenty nine samples of pigeon droppings (n = 12) and soil contaminated with avian excreta (n = 19), collected from different sites in Busan, were examined for isolation and characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans. Of these samples, 5 strains of C. neoformans were recovered from pigeon droppings (5/12 : 41.7%). All isolates were belonged to C. neoformans var. grubii (serotype A). The extracellular enzyme activities of the strains by using the API-ZYM system showed two different enzymatic patterns. The genetic variability among C. neoformans isolates was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using three 10-mer primers. Two different RAPD patterns, which clearly distinguished the isolates, were identified. Analysis of RAPD patterns provided a good characterization of environmental strains of C. neoformans serotype A as a heterogeneous group and were in good agreement with enzymatic profiles.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2015

In this study, we evaluated the adsorption/desorption of uranium (U) in pure soil environment using continuous column reactor. We additionally investigated the adsorption/desorption mechanism of U on vivianite surface in molecular scale using quantum calculation. We observed that below $0.1{\mu}M$ of U was detected after 20 d from U injection ($1{\mu}M$) in adsorption test. However, all of absorbed U was detached from vivianite surface in 24 h by injection of CARB solution ($1.44{\times}10^{-2}M\;NaHCO_3$ and $2.8{\times}10^{-3}M\;Na_2CO_3$). Based on exchange energy calculation, we found that $UO_2(CO_3)_2{^{2-}}$ and $UO_2(CO_3)_3{^{4-}}$ species have higher repulsive energy than $UO_2(OH)_2$ species. The results obtained from this study could be applied to predict the behavior of uranium in contaminated and remediation sites.