• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.532-538
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• 2014

Arsenic (As) is nonessential element toxic to plants. In Korea little is not only known about the extent of actual anthropogenic sources and inputs of arsenic to the agricultural land which plays a active role as a sink, but also systematic research on arsenic as an toxic element entering the food chain via the soil-plant pathway has not been investigated in the fields and greenhouses besides in few places of abandoned mining sites. Therefore, it is important to focus on the effect of As-contaminated soils on As uptake and biomass production of lettuce plants. In this study, As concentrations in the soil and accumulation of As in lettuce transferred by As uptake from soils were investigated. To do this, soil which was mixed with various rates of arsenopyrite gravels containing arsenic from 0 to 100% was packed into a round plastic pot. Then, 10 days old vegetable crops of chinese cabbage and lettuce after germination were transplanted into a pot. Growth of lettuce was observed for four weeks with one week interval. All experiments were done by triplicate. The results showed that the growth rates for number of leaves, width and length of the crop plants were retarded with increasing amount of gravel mixed due to increasing bioavailable amount of arsenate with increasing rate of gravel in soils. With these results, we conclude that the bioavailable amount of arsenate can influence the growth of lettuce.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.245-253
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• 1995

The effects of a simultaneous application of KCl and lime on the root uptake of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co,\;^{85}Sr\;and\;^{137}Cs$ by rice, soybean, Chinese cabbage and radish were investigated through 2 years' greenhouse experiments. At their early growth stages, a mixed solution of the radionuclides was applied to the water or soil surfaces of the culture boxes filled with an acidic loamy-sandy soil for the upper 20cm and $83g/m^2$ of fertilizer KCl and $200g/m^2$ of slake lime were applied to the surfaces. Distribution of radioactivities among plant parts and change in uptake pattern with plant species were not, on the whole, significantly affected by the application. It reduced effectively soil-to-plant transfer factors of $^{85}Sr\;and\;^{137}Cs$ for rice, of all for Chinese cabbage and of $^{54}Mn,\;^{60}Co,\;and\;^{137}Cs$ for radish without their growth inhibition. In rice, $^{85}Sr$ showed the highest decrease $({\sim}60%)$ while, in Chinese cabbage and radish, $^{54}Mn$ did $({\sim}80%)$. The exprimental results can become valuable reference data to establish countermeasures against a radioactive contamination of farm-land during plant growth.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.289-296
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• 2003

The ecological process-based approach provides a detailed assessment of belowground compartment as one of the major compartment of carbon balance. Carbon net balance (NEP: net ecosystem production) in forest ecosystems by ecological process-based approach is determined by the balance between net primary production (NPP) of vegetation and heterotrophic respiration (HR) of soil (NEP=NPP-HR). Respiration due to soil heterotrophs is the difference between total soil respiration (SR) and root respiration (RR) (HR=SR-RR, NEP=NPP-(SR-RR)). If NEP is positive, it is a sink of carbon. This study assessed the forest carbon balance by ecological process-based approach included belowground compartment intensively. The case study in the Takayama Station, cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest was reported. From the result, NEP was estimated approximately 1.2 t C $ha^{-1} yr^{-1}$ in 1996. Therefore, the study area as a whole was estimated to act as a sink of carbon. According to flux tower result, the net uptake rate of carbon was 1.1 t C $ha^{-1} yr^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.677-681
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• 2016

Excessive nitrogen fertilization influences crop yields and quality as well as environmental pollution. In this study, yields, nitrogen use efficiency and free sugar contents of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) were evaluated at different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 5 levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200%) based on the conventional fertilization ($N=230kg\;ha^{-1}$), and phosphate and potassium fertilizer were treated by conventional P and K fertilization ($P_2O_5-K_2O=140-210kg\;ha^{-1}$) in all plots. The root yields of burdock were the highest in N 100~150% treatment plots. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery decreased from over N 150% treatment. Nitrogen uptake of root was greater than that of shoot in N 50~200% treatments. Fructose contents in root were inversely proportional to the level of nitrogen fertilization. As considering nitrogen recovery and root quality, economical burdock yield was obtained in N $230kg\;ha^{-1}$.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.176-186
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• 1982

Uptake and effects of treated Cd and Pb in rose moss and tomato were studied in pot cultures. Three horticulural plants on the roadside were tested to determine the contents of heavy metals in plant parts. Yields of rose moss were increased by the increase Pb concentrations in soil. Yields of rose moss by Cd treatment were decreased in 1, 000 ppm group, but increased in 500 ppm group. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. proved to be tolerent of Pb and Cd added in soil. Yields of tomato were decreased by an incrase of Pb concentration in soil, and tomato proved to be weak for Pb added in soil. Pb contents in root, stem, leaf, and flower and seed of rose moss were increased by an in crease of Pb concentration in soil Pb content in root was the highest among them. Pb content was the highest in root of tomato, but the lowest in the stem. Among the heavy metal contents metal contents of three horticultural plants collected by roadside, it was the Chrysanthemum which had the highest contents of heavy metal among them. The heavy metal contents in stem were less than in the other plnat parts in all three plants. The number of flowers in rose moss was decreased by an increase of Pb, and Cd concentration in soil, but in tomato it was increased by an increase of Pb concentration in soil. Amount of rose moss seeds which were collected after cultivation was decreased by Pb, and Cd treatment in soil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2000

To remove phosphate accumulated in the soil and water, Acinetobacter lwoffi PO8 possessing a high ability to accumulate phosphate was isolated from a active sludge. Bacterium was cultured in the liquid medium containing $150\;{\mu}g/mL$ of phosphate at $30^{\circ}C$ in different culture conditions to examine intracellular phosphate uptake. The initial pH in the range of $7.5{\sim}8.5$ was effective on the growth and phosphate uptake of the strain. Glycerol and arabinose used as a carbon sources showed 93 and 91% the phsphate uptake, respectively. Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium salt such as $NH_4NO_3$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ was effectively utilized on the phosphate uptake compared with amino compounds. The rate of phosphate uptake of $NH_4NO_3$, and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, was 95 and 96%, respectively The growth and Phosphate uptake ability in the strain were significantly promoted when metal ions were added in the medium; $Co^{2+}$, however, was not utilized by the strain. The capacity of phosphate uptake was enhanced to $10{\sim}20%$ when arginine, methionine, or lysine was added. Using $^{32}P$ to examine the uptake Pattern of intracellular phosphate, experiment result showed that polyphosphate was largely found in the fraction of intracellular inorganic phosphate of Acinetobacter lwoffi PO8.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1986

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of annual application of silicate fertilizer on rice yield and soil physico-chemical properties. Field experiment was done on the condition of fertilization of silicate fert. 150 and 250kg/10a to the clay loam paddy field for ten years from 1975 to 1984. Data for rice growth and nutrient uptake was analyzed for ten years base. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Average unhulled rice yield for 10 years increased at 16% in the treat of silicate fert. 150kg/10a annually applied in comparison with the N.P.K treated plot, but silicate fert. 250kg/10a treated plot was decreasing tendency somewhat in yield. 2. Amount of potassium uptake of rice straw at the harvesting stage was positively significant recognized with unhulled rice yield and straw yield of rice plant. 3. The amounts of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ uptake in the treat of silicate fert. 150kg/10a were much more than those of silicate fert. 250kg/10a treated plot. However the treat of silicate fert. 250kg/10a increased the amounts of CaO, MgO and Silica uptake than other treats markedly. Especially the treat of silicate fert. 150kg/10a was higher in nitrogen recovery rate than other nutrients recovery rate, but the recovery of silica was low. 4. The treat of silicate fert. 250kg/10a annually applied markedly decreased the translocation rate of nitrogen, potassium and silica from straw to the unhulled rice grain. 5. Ten years' average value of soil O.M. content was much more in the treat of silicate fert. 150kg/10a which show higher yield increase than other treats, but in the treat of silicate fert. 250kg/10a, soil O.M. content was lower, however silicate content in soil was the most among other treats.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 1984

In order to predict the possible fertilizer requirement from the K supplying capacity of soil, the relative K activity ratio, Kas/Kai and Gapon coefficients, KG. were determined for the soil samples before flooding and at heading stage of rice in pot experiment. These parameters assumed as the K supplying capacity of soils were discussed through correlation with other factors such as grain yields or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake by the rice plant. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The KGo values in soils before flooding were 7.8, 6.6, and 7.1, whereas the Kas/Kai values were 1.37, 1.26 and 2.11, respectively, in clay, loam and sandy loam soils. 2. The significant yield responses to the application of potassium fertilizer were observed whenever the KG values in soils at heading stage become larger to the original KG values, regardless of any levels of fertilizer application. 3. The linear correlations between the exchangeable cation ratios [Kex./(Ca+Mg) ex.:me/100g] in soils and the potassium activity ratios ($[K^+]/\sqrt{[Ca^{{+}{+}}+Mg^{{+}{+}}]}$: mole/l) in equilibrium solutions were observed with different linear gradients according to the soil properties. 4. The Kas/Kai in the soils, estimated prior to the experiment, showed high correlations with the grain yields or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake in the all treatments, while the Kas/Kai and the KGo in the soils at heading stage showed high correlations with the grain yields or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake in only N 15 Kg/10a treatments. 5. The Kas/Kai and the KGo values determined in the soil at heading stage of rice showed high negative correlation each other and they could be used as soil factors for predicting potassium fertilizer requirement.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 1993

A long term fertilizer trial has been conducted on a silty clayloam soil with barley as test crop since 1975. The treatments included NPK, NK, NP, and PK, and no fertilizer. This paper is to report the barley yield trend during 16 years(1975~1990) and the soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake by barley in 1990. Following is the summary of the results. 1. The average yield of barley in 16 years were in the order of NPK(100%) > PK(69%) > NP(55%) > No Fertilizer(35%) > NK(24%). Of special interst was that in 16th year the yield of barley in NK plot, namely without P, was nil. 2. In NK plot where the yield of barley was nil in 16th year, the uptake of N, P, and K by plant was lowest amomg the treatments and N, K fertilizer uptake efficiencies were nagative. 3. The soil analysis in 16th year revealed that in NK plot the pH, the available P and exchangeable Ca and Mg were very low. In 16 years average, there was positive correlation between the yield of barley and available P and exchangeable Mg in the soil. One interesting point was that in 16th year the $NO_3-N$ in the soul was relatively high, but N uptake by barley was very low.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.57-60
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• 2001

미생물 활성도와 그에 따른 유기물의 분해율은 미생물의 호흡률과 직접적인 관계가 있다. 본 연구는 매립종료후 경과기간이 1년인 Y 매립지와 10년인 C 매립지의 오염특성을 조사하였고, 오염토양 미생물의 산소소비속도를 이용하여 매립종료기간에 따른 오염토양의 산소소비율을 비교 평가 하고자 하였다. C 매립지의 오염토양에 대한 SCO $D_{cr}$ TOC는 Y 매립지에 비해 낮은 함량으로 나타났으나 T-N, N $H_3$-N의 함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. TOC/T-N비로 보았을 때 Y 매립지에 비해 C 매립지가 낮은 것으로 나타나 연령이 많은 경우 분해성 유기물의 함량은 적은 것으로 판단된다. 산소소비율 실험결과 Y 매립지가 산소소비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, C 매립지도 대조토양에 비해 높은 산소소비율을 보였다. 따라서 매립종료 후 경과기간이 10년인 매립지의 미생물의 산소소비율을 보았을 때 여전히 생물학적 안정화가 종료되지 않은 것을 알 수 있었다.