• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1688-1696
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• 2020

Soil physical and chemical characteristics, soil potential denitrification rates (PDR), community composition and nirK-, nirS- and nosZ-encoding denitrifiers were studied by using MiSeq sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) technologies base on short-term (5-year) tillage field experiment. The experiment included four tillage treatments: conventional tillage with crop residue incorporation (CT), rotary tillage with crop residue incorporation (RT), no-tillage with crop residue retention (NT), and rotary tillage with crop residue removed as control (RTO). The results indicated that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and NH₄⁺-N contents were increased with CT, RT and NT treatments. Compared with RTO treatment, the copies number of nirK, nirS and nosZ in paddy soil with CT, RT and NT treatments were significantly increased. The principal coordinate analysis indicated that tillage management and crop residue returning management were the most and the second important factors for the change of denitrifying bacteria community, respectively. Meanwhile, this study indicated that activity and community composition of denitrifiers with CT, RT and NT treatments were increased, compared with RTO treatment. This result showed that nirK, nirS and nosZ-type denitrifiers communities in crop residue applied soil had higher species diversity compared with crop residue removed soil, and denitrifying bacteria community composition were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria. Therefore, it is a beneficial practice to increase soil PDR level, abundance and community composition of nitrogen-functional soil microorganism by combined application of tillage with crop residue management.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-47
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• 1997

The consequences associated with ships running aground depend very much on the soil characteristics of the sea bed and the geometrical shape of the ship bow. The penetration into the sea bed depends on these factors and the penetration is an important factor for the ship motion because it influences the ship heave and pitch motions as well as the friction between the ship and the soil. In this paper a rational calculation model is presented for the sea bed soil reaction forces on the ship bottom. The model is based on the assumption that the penetration of the ship bow generates a flow of pore water through the grain skeleton of the soil. The flow is governed by Darcy\`s law and it is driven by the pressure of the pore water at the bow. In addition to this pore water pressure, the bow is subjected to the effective stresses in the grain skeleton at the bow surface. These stresses are determined by the theory of frictional soils in rupture. Frictional stresses on the bow surface are assumed to be related to the normal pressure by a simple Coulomb relation. The total soil reaction as a function of velocity and penetration is found by integration of normal pressure and frictional stresses over the surface of the bow. The analysis procedure is implemented in a computer program for time domain rigid body analysis of ships running aground and it is verified in the paper through a comparison of calculated stopping lengths, effective coefficients of friction, and sea bed penetrations with corresponding experimental results obtained by model tests as well as large, scale tests.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2008

Hot air sparging is a groundwater remediation technique, in which organic contaminants volatilized into hot air from the saturated to vadose zone. In the laboratory diesel (10,000 mg TPH/kg) was spiked in contaminated saturated aquifer soil. The hot air ($34.9{\pm}2.7^{\circ}C$) was injected in intermittent (Q=1,500 mL/min, 10 minute injection and 10 minute idle) modes. We performed microcosm tests using the groundwater samples to assess TPH reductive remediation activity. For Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of eubacterial communities in sludge of wastewater treatment plants and soil of experiment site, the 16S rDNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from the sludge and the soil. The obtained 16S rDNA fragments were digested with Msp I and separated by electrophoresis gel. We found various sequence types for hot air sparging experiment with sludge soil samples that were closely related to Bacillus (149 bp, Firmicutes), Methlobacterium (149 bp, Euryarchaeotes), Pseudomonas (492 bp, ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria), etc., in the clone library. In this study we find that TPH-water was reduced to 78.9% of the initial value in this experiment aquifer. The results of the present study suggests that T-RFLP method may be applied as a useful tool for the monitoring in the TPH contaminated soil fate of microorganisms in natural microbial community.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2004

극성저항 계측법과 전기화학 임피던스 분광학을 이용하여 영구적 지반 앵커의 부식율을 계측하는 절차를 제시하였다. 극성저항 계측법을 이용하여 대표지반의 종류와 철의 부식률에 관한 특성관계를 도출하였고, 전기화학 임피던스 분광학을 이용하여 시간의존 부식 반응과 다양한 종류의 코우팅 시스템의 평가, 그리고 시멘트 그라우팅이 부식에 미치는 영향에 대하여 각각 평가하였다. 실험 결과 점성토와 사질토의 pH 지수가 5이하인 경우 부식발생이 용이한 지반으로서 영구적 지반 앵커의 부식반응에 심각한 영향을 미치리라 판단된다. 또한 중성 또는 알카리성의 지반은 부식진행이 관찰되지 않았으며 부식률은 pH지수에 관계없이 일정한 결과를 보였다. 포설린 점성토의 경우 pH지수의 변화가 철의 부식에 매우 낮은 영향을 미쳤다. 한편 시멘트 그라우팅의 사용은 철의 부식율을 약 0.003-0.0lmm/y 정도로 낮출 수 있었으며 에폭시 혼합 코우팅의 경우도 부식의 영향을 받지않고 원 상태를 유지할 수 있어 매우 효과적으로 부식효과를 감소시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2020

Sensitivity analysis of hydrodynamic and reaction parameters in conceptual model reflecting aquifer characteristics of Korea was performed to evaluate the uncertainty in the predicted concentrations. Among the hydrodynamic input parameters, both hydraulic conductivity (K_x) and hydraulic gradient (I) affected transport behaviors of contaminants, and resulted in same convergence concentrations with continuous injections of contaminant. However, longitudinal dispervisity (α_L) affected both transport behaviors and the convergence concentrations of contaminants. Compared to the hydrodynamic parameters, growth kinetic and degradation parameters (μ_m & K_c) more significantly affected both transport behaviors and the convergence concentrations of contaminants, indicating those parameters had higher sensitivity indices causing the uncertainties of model predictions. Considering that the sensitivity indices of both hydrodynamic and reaction parameters were a function of transport distance of groundwater, the parameters with higher sensitivity indices, a priori, need to be investigated using conceptual model reflecting site-specific aquifer characteristics before field investigation. After determining the parameters with higher sensitivity indices, the detail field investigations for the selected hydrodynamic and reaction parameters were warranted to reduce the uncertainties of model predictions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 염소계화합물로 오염된 토양 및 지하수의 효율적인 처리방안으로 산화망간을 이용한 염소계화합물의 환원분해반응을 유도하였다. 기존의 펜톤반응은 산성 pH에서 효율적이며 고농도의 과산화수소를 소모하는데 비하여, 산화망간/과산화수소 시스템에서는중성 pH에서 낮은 과산화수소 농도($\leq$294mM)로도 효율적인 CT의 분해율을 보였으며 pH가 증가함에 따라 CT의 분해율도 증가하였다. 또한 산화망간 농도의 증가율에 비하여 CT의 분해율은 그다지 높은 증가율을 보이지 않았으며, 이는 반응시 발생하는 산소의 생성율이 증가하기 때문으로 보여지며 발생하는 산소가 산화망간표면과 과산화수소의 접촉빈도를 감소시키기 때문에 일어나는 현상으로 여겨진다. 이러한 연구결과는 난분해성물질인 염소계화합물로 오염된 토양 및 지하수의 복원 시 토양의 pH완충효과 때문에 전통적인 펜톤반응을 적용하기 어려운 반면 산화망간으로 촉매화된 펜톤유사반응은 매우 효과적이며 경제적인 처리 방안이 될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권4B호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 modified fenton 반응에서 과산화수소를 안정화하여 오염토양 정화의 효과를 증대시키고자 하였다. 오염토양을 모사하기 위하여 PAHs 계열의 대표적인 오염물질인 phenanthrene을 사용하였다. 과수안정제로는 음이온 계면활성제인 SDS(Sodium dodecyl Sulfate)를 사용하였다. Modified Fenton 반응에서 phenanthrene의 제거율을 확인하기 위하여 Fe(II) 4 mM, SDS 5~50 mM 및 $H_2O_2$ 102.897 mM를 phenanthrene 125 mg/kg으로 오염된 토양에 주입하였다. 과수안정제인 SDS가 30 mM이 사용된 경우 phenanthrene의 제거 효율이 95%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 30 mM이싱에서는 시스템에서 SDS가 scavenger로 작용하여 오염물질의 제거효율이 SDS 30 mM 일 때 보다 낮게 나타났다. 과수안정제를 사용한 뒤 과산화수소의 농도변화를 분석한 결과 Fe(II) 2 mM에서 48시간 이후 14.6995 mM 이상 남아있어서 가장 안정적이었지만, Fe(III)을 주입한 경우에는 과산화수소가 안정화되지 않았다. Modified Fenton 반응에서 철과 SDS 농도 사이의 최적의 비율을 찾기 위하여 SDS의 농도는 30 mM로 고정하고 철의 농도를 2~8 mM로 변화시켜 실험한 결과 Fe(II) 4 mM 및 SDS 30 mM에서 약 95%의 가장 높은 제거율을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2016

Rice cultivation in paddy field affects the global balance of methane ($CH_4$) as a key greenhouse gas. To evaluate a potential use of by-product gypsum fertilizer (BGF) in reducing $CH_4$ emission from paddy soil, $CH_4$ fluxes from a paddy soil applied with BGF different levels (0, 2, 4 and $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$) were investigated by closed-chamber method during rice cultivation period. $CH_4$ flux significantly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of BGF application. $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BGF addition in soil reduced $CH_4$ flux by 60.6% compared to control. Decreased soil redox potential (Eh) resulted in increasing $CH_4$ emission through a $CO_2$ reduction reaction. The concentrations of dissolved calcium (Ca) and sulfate ion (${SO_4}^{2-}$) in soil pore water were significantly increased as the application rate of BGF increased and showed negatively correlations with $CH_4$ flux. Decreased $CH_4$ flux with BGF application implied that ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion led to decreases in electron availability for methanogen and precipitation reaction of Ca ion with inorganic carbon including carbonate and bicarbonate as a source of $CH_4$ formation under anoxic condition. BGF application also increased rice grain yield by 16% at $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of BGF addition. Therefore, our results suggest that BGF application can be a good soil management practice to reduce $CH_4$ emission from paddy soil and to increase rice yield.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.297-302
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• 2011

Acid drainage generated by pyrite oxidation has caused the acidification of soil and surface water, the heavy metal contamination and the corrosion of structures in abandoned mine and construction sites. The applicability of Na-acetate (Na-OAc) buffer and/or Na-silicate solution was tested for suppressing pyrite oxidation by reacting pyrite containing rock and treating solution and by analyzing solution chemistry after the reaction. A finely ground Mesozoic andesite containing 10.99% of pyrite and four types of reacting solutions were used in the applicability test: 1) $H_2O_2$, 2) $H_2O_2$ and Na-silicate, 3) $H_2O_2$ and 0.01M Na-OAc buffer at pH 6.0, and 4) $H_2O_2$, Na-silicate and 0.01M Na-OAc buffer at pH 6.0. The pH in the solution after the reaction with the andesite sample and the solutions was decreased with increasing the initial $H_2O_2$ concentration but the concentrations of Fe and $SO_4^{2-}$ were increased 10 - 20 times. However, the pH of the solution after the reaction increased and the concentrations of Fe and $SO_4^{2-}$ decreased in the presence of Na-acetate buffer and with increasing Na-silicate concentration at the same $H_2O_2$ concentration. The solution chemistry indicates that Na-OAc buffer and Na-silicate suppress the oxidation of pyrite due to the formation of Fe-hydroxide and Fe-silicate complex and their coating on the pyrite surface. The effect of Na-OAc buffer and Na-silicate on reduction of pyrite oxidation was also confirmed with the surface examination of pyrite using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result of this study implies that the treatment of pyrite containing material with the Na-OAc buffer and Na-silicate solution reduces the generation of acid drainage.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2013

This study is conducted to evaluate the leaching of contaminants from mine tailing by natural water and finally to estimate the leaching and transportation of heavy metal contaminants by rainfall. In order to identify contaminated heavy metal of soil, 17 soil, 2 tailing and 2 waste dump and 2 control samples were taken at mine area and analyzed total metal contents. The leaching experiments were conducted using distilled water. Cu, Pb, Zn was extracted from the reddish mine tailing in a short period time, especially the extraction rate of Cu (45.0%) was highest. The contaminants were leached from the yellowish mine tailing within an hour and the leaching rate of Cd (42.0%) and Zn (17.2%) were relatively high. The reddish soil from the waste dump showed leaching of Cu (5.1%), Pb (4.0%) and Zn (3.3%), however the leaching rate was low except Mi (14.2%). From the yellowish soil sampled from the dumping site, the leaching of Cu (8.2%) and Ni (9.7%) was high while the leaching of Zn (0.2%) were relatively low.