• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Soil moisture plays a critical role in hydrological processes, land-atmosphere interactions and climate variability. It can limit vegetation growth as well as infiltration of rainfall and therefore very important for agriculture sector and food protection. Recently, due to the increased damage from drought caused by climate change, there is a frequent occurrence of shortage of agricultural water, making it difficult to supply and manage stable agricultural water. Efficient water management is necessary to reduce drought damage, and soil moisture management is important in case of upland crops. In this study, soil moisture was calculated based on the water balance model, and the suitability of soil moisture data was verified through the application. The regional soil moisture was calculated based on the meteorological data collected by the meteorological station, and applied the Runs theory. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture and drought impacts, and analyzed the correlation between actual drought impacts and drought damage through correlation analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The soil moisture steadily decreased and increased until the rainy season, while the drought size steadily increased and decreased until the rainy season. The regional magnitude of the drought was large in Gyeonggi-do and Gyeongsang-do, and in winter, severe drought occurred in areas of Gangwon-do. As a result of comparative analysis with actual drought events, it was confirmed that there is a high correlation with SPI by each time scale drought events with a correlation coefficient.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.167-181
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• 2024

The soil-structure relative stiffness is a key factor affecting the seismic response of underground structures. It is of great significance to study the soil-structure relative stiffness for the soil-structure interaction and the seismic disaster reduction of subway stations. In this paper, the dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of an inhomogeneous soft soil site under different buried depths which were obtained by a one-dimensional equivalent linearization site response analysis were used as the input parameters in a 2D finite element model. A visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model based on the Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion combined with stiffness degradation was used to describe the plastic behavior of soil. The damage plasticity model was used to simulate the plastic behavior of concrete. The horizontal and vertical relative stiffness ratios of soil and structure were defined to study the influence of relative stiffness on the seismic response of subway stations in inhomogeneous soft soil. It is found that the compression damage to the middle columns of a subway station with a higher relative stiffness ratio is more serious while the tensile damage is slighter under the same earthquake motion. The relative stiffness has a significant influence on ground surface deformation, ground acceleration, and station structure deformation. However, the effect of the relative stiffness on the deformation of the bottom slab of the subway station is small. The research results can provide a reference for seismic fortification of subway stations in the soft soil area.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.257-277
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• 2011

An evaluation is presented of the response of a 3-storey R/C structure during the destructive Lefkada earthquake of 14/08/2003. Key aspects of the event include: (1) the unusually strong levels of ground motion (PGA = 0.48 g, $SA_{max}$ = 2.2 g) recorded approximately 10 km from fault, in downtown Lefkada; (2) the surprisingly low structural damage in the area; (3) the very soft soil conditions ($V_{s,max}$ = 150 m/s). Structural, geotechnical and seismological aspects of the earthquake are discussed. The study focuses on a 3-storey building, an elongated structure of rectangular plan supported on strip footings, that suffered severe column damage in the longitudinal direction, yet minor damage in the transverse one. Detailed spectral and time-history analyses highlight the interplay of soil, foundation and superstructure in modifying seismic demand in the two orthogonal directions of the building. It is shown that soil-structure interaction may affect inelastic seismic response and alter the dynamic behavior even for relatively flexible systems such as the structure at hand.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2013

This study is to diagnose causes of damage and defects on external walls of brick structures, focused on "Naju Noahn" Catholic Church of Modern Architectural Properties. The causes of crack and deflection are overloading, shortage strength of arch. Among those, main cause is cauesd by shortage strength of arch because center of arch is dislocated and skew back of arch is small angle. The causes of damage and elimination are weathering, plants of friction, freezing and thawing, durability decrement of material and attach defection. This defects and damage is caused by high-moisture that occurs in soil. The causes of discoloration are change of soil moisture and flimsy brickwork. These defects and damage are mainly occurred in coping of cornice, weathering of window sill.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 마을 주변의 전통 소나무숲을 선정하여 숲의 구조와 생장실태를 조사하고, 양호한 생장과 보전을 위한 관리방안을 수립하는 것이었다. 연구대상 소나무숲은 강원도 영서지역에 분포하는 12개소를 선정하였다. 숲의 조성시기는 개소별로 최소 50~최대 200년 전이었고, 소나무의 평균 흉고직경과 밀도는 각각 27~52cm, 0.5~9.3주/$100m^2$이었다. 생장기반인 토양환경은 소나무 생장에 대개 양호한 편이었으나, 토성이 사토로서 보비력이 낮은 2개소의 경우 토양양분이 현저하게 낮았다. 일부 숲은 복토, 답압 등으로 인해 근계생장 장해에 따른 수세저하가 나타났다. 수간의 수피탈저 및 공동피해가 6개소에서 발생하였고, 그 원인은 인위적 외상, 전정 부주의, 동해 등이었다. 병해는 그을음잎마름병, 갈색무늬병 등이 6개소에서 발생하였고 피해정도는 경미하였다. 충해의 경우는 솔잎혹파리에 의한 피해로서 피해정도는 6개소에서 경미하였으나, 2개소에서는 상대적으로 더 현저하였다. 이와 같이, 연구대상 소나무숲의 생장저해를 야기하는 주 요인은 양분부족, 복토 및 답압, 수간훼손, 병충해 등이었다. 이들 원인별 문제점을 개선하여 해당 소나무숲을 보전할 관리방안을 모색하였다. 관리방안은 유기물과 석회 시용, 복토 제거, 토양굴기와 자갈포설, 목도설치 또는 우드칩 포장, 목책 및 보호틀 제공, 수간 외과수술, 수세강화, 수간주사 등 생장환경을 개선하거나 수간훼손과 병충해를 제어할 대책을 포함하였다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

Use of de-icing salts results in accumulation of high concentrations of ions on roadside soils and tree. The purpose of this study isto determine translocation of seasonal impact of exchangeable cations originating from de-icing salt on roadside surface soil-plant influenced by the intensity of foliar damage (NY = 0-25%, SY = 26-50%, CY = 51-75%) of trees. This paper investigated the concentration of four exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$) on the roadside surface soil. The tree (Ginko biloba) samples were collected from the Konkuk and Judeok intersections in Chung-ju city. The sequential extraction procedure was applied to 120 soil samples of the soilsurface and 30 tree samples. Four cation exchange ions were determined by ICP-OES. The content of four exchangeable cations present on roadside soil was found to be the lowest in NY but highest in CY from tree pits in the order of NY < SY < CY. Especially, the results were apparent during spring time compared to other seasons. Soil collected from tree pits had the highest concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ possibly due to a higher volume of traffic on those streetsresulting in splashing of more calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$). The analysis of three exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Na^+$) in the tree leaves revealed higher levels than roadside surface soil when foliar damage ratio increased in the order of NY < SY < CY in summer. In addition, a strong positive linear relationship was observed between the concentration of exchangeable cations in soil and trees. It is hypothesized that the results of this study can be a valuable baseline for managing de-icing salt on roadside soil and trees, in order to mitigate the salt stress that can damage the roadside soil and trees.

• Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.198-210
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• 2015

This paper presents the damage assessment of a free-fall dropped object on the seabed. The damage to a dropped object totally depends on the relationship between the impact energy and the soil strength at the mudline. In this study, unexpected dropping scenarios were first assumed by varying the relevant range of the impact velocity, structure geometry at the moment of impact, and soil strength profile along the penetration depth. Theoretical damage assessments were then undertaken for a free-fall dropping event with a fixed final embedment depth for the structure. This paper also describes the results of a three-dimensional large deformation finite element analysis undertaken for the purpose of validation. The analyses were carried out using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, modifying the simple elastic-perfectly plastic Tresca soil model. The validation exercises for each dropping scenario showed good agreement, and the present numerical approach was capable of predicting the behavior of a free-fall dropped object.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze seasonal variations of de-icing salt ions harvested from soils and plants according to salt damage of Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis, a evergreen conifer, on roadsides. Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis was divided into three groups referred to SD, ND, and WD (serious salt damage (SD) = 71-100%, normal salt damage (ND) = 31-70%, and weak salt damage (WD) = 0-30%) based on the degree of visible foliage damage, and measured acidity (pH), electrical conductivity(EC), and de-icing salt ions (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) harvested from soils and plants. The results indicated that acidity, electrical conductivity, and de-icing salt ions of soils and plants were significantly affected by seasonal variation and salt damage. In addition, a strong positive liner relationship was observed in plants between the concentration of de-icing salts and salt damage in spring, while the relationship among seasonal variation and salt damage in soil were not significant. The results from this study has important implications for the management of conifer species in relation to salinity and roadsides maintenance.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1013-1032
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• 2016

Several historical earthquakes demonstrated that local amplification and soil nonlinearity are responsible for the uneven damage pattern of the structures and lifelines. On April $25^{th}$ 2015 the Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake stroke Nepal and neighboring countries, and caused extensive damages throughout Kathmandu valley. In this paper, comparative studies between equivalent-linear and nonlinear seismic site response analyses in five affected strategic locations are performed in order to relate the soil behavior with the observed structural damage. The acceleration response spectra and soil amplification are compared in both approaches and found that the nonlinear analysis better represented the observed damage scenario. Higher values of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and higher spectral acceleration have characterized the intense damage in three study sites and the lower values have also shown agreement with less to insignificant damages in the other two sites. In equivalent linear analysis PGA varies between 0.29 to 0.47 g, meanwhile in case of nonlinear analysis it ranges from 0.17 to 0.46 g. It is verified from both analyses that the PGA map provided by the USGS for the southern part of Kathmandu valley is not properly representative, in contrary of the northern part. Similarly, the peak spectral amplification in case of equivalent linear analysis is estimated to be varying between 2.3 to 3.8, however in case of nonlinear analysis, the variation is observed in between 8.9 to 18.2. Both the equivalent linear and nonlinear analysis have depicted the soil fundamental period as 0.4 and 0.5 sec for the studied locations and subsequent analysis for seismic demands are correlated.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권6호
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• pp.656-660
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• 2008

본 연구는 숲가꾸기 작업을 위하여 개설된 작업로를 대상으로 노면피해에 영향을 미치는 요인을 평가하여 작업로 노면의 피해예방을 위한 적정 시설기준의 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 작업로 노면피해에 영향을 크게 미치는 요인은 시설위치, 종단기울기, 겉보기토질, 산지사면형상, 노폭의 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 종단기울기, 노폭 등 도로 구조적인 요인과 시설위치, 산지사면형상 등 입지적 요인 그리고 겉보기 토질과 같은 도로 구성물질이 노면 피해 발생과 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 작업로의 피해발생은 계곡부, 종단기울기 24%이상, 마사토 토질, 요형사면, 노폭 3.0 m이상에서 심한 것으로 나타났고, 안정성은 능선부, 종단기울기 4~24%, 토사지역, 직선형(-)사면, 노폭 3.0 m이하에서 큰 것으로 나타났다. 수량화II류의 판별식의 판별적중률은 79.4%로 상당히 양호한 값으로 나타나 작업로 노면의 양부판정에 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.