• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2012

Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been widely used in estimation of flow and water quality at various watersheds worldwide, and it has an auto-calibration tool that could calibrate the flow and water quality data automatically from thousands of simulations. However, only continuous measured day flow/water quality data could be used in the current SWAT auto-calibration tool. Therefore, 8-day interval flow and water quality data measured nationwide by Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) could not be used in SWAT auto-calibration even though long-term flow and water quality data in the Korean Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) watersheds available. In this study, current SWAT auto-calibration was modified to calibrate flow and water quality using 8-day interval flow and water quality data. As a result of this study, the Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values for flow estimation using auto-calibration are 0.77 (calibration period) and 0.68 (validation period), and NSE value for water quality (T-P load) estimation (using the 8-day interval water quality data) is 0.80. The enhanced SWAT auto-calibration could be used in the estimation of continuous flow and water quality data at the outlet of TMDL watersheds and ungaged point of watersheds. In the next study, the enhanced SWAT auto-calibration will be integrated with Web based Load Duration Curve (LDC) system, and it could be suggested as methods of appraisal of TMDL in South Korea.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

The water quality from nonpoint source run off results from different land use types has been studied. The construction of a buffer strip is one method of nonpoint source pollutant control. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been applied to estimate the pollutant removal through the buffer strip. When the non-business land has been changed into grass to form a buffer-strip, the change of land use effects the results of the model according to measures of the water quality. The data from a water level station within the watershed in the years 2006 and 2007 was used for calibration and validation of the model. Under the rainfall conditions in 2007, the removal rates of SS, BOD, TN, TP were 11.5%, 9.5%, 1.2%, and 4.5%, respectively. During the rainy days, the removal rates at the buffer strip were 92.3% of SS, 91.2% of BOD, 82.4% of TN, and 83.5% of TP. The pollutants from nonpoint sources were effectively removed by over 80% as they passed through the buffer strips. Rainfall resulted in soil erosion, which led to an increase in the SS concentration, therefore, the construction of buffer strips protected the streams from SS inflows. Since TN concentrations are affected by the inflows of ground water and the N concentration of the rainfall, the removal rate of TN was relatively lower than for the other pollutants.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

Objectives: Acute exposure to high concentrations of chemicals can occur when a chemical accident takes place. As such exposure can cause ongoing environmental pollution, such as in the soil and groundwater, there is a need for a tool that can assess health effects in the long term. The purpose of this study was assessing the health risks of residents living near a chemical accident site due to long-term exposure while considering the temporal concentration changes of the toxic chemicals leaked during the accident until their extinction in the environment using a multimedia environmental dynamics model. Methods: A health risk assessment was conducted on three cases of formaldehyde chemical accidents. In this study, health risk assessment was performed using a multimedia environmental dynamics model that considers the behavior of the atmosphere, soil, and water. In addition, the extinction period of formaldehyde in the environment was regarded as extinction in the environment when the concentration in the air and soil fell below the background concentration prior to the accident. The subjects of health risk assessment were classified into four groups according to age: 0-9 years old, 10-18 years old, 19-64 years old, and over 65 years old. Carcinogenic risk assessment by respiratory exposure and non-carcinogenic risk assessment by soil intake were conducted as well. Results: In the assessment of carcinogenic risk due to respiratory exposure, the excess carcinogenic risk did not exceed 1.0×10-6 in all three chemical accidents, so there was no health effect due to the formaldehyde chemical accident. As a result of the evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk due to soil intake, none of the three chemical accidents had a risk index of 1, so there was no health effect. For all three chemical accidents, the excess cancer risk and hazard index were the highest in the age group 0-9. Next, 10-18 years old, 65 years old or older, and 19-64 years old showed the highest risk. Conclusion: This study considers environmental changes after a chemical accident occurs and until the substance disappears from the environment. It also conducts a health risk assessment by reflecting the characteristics of the long-term persistence and concentration change over time. It is thought that it is of significance as a health risk assessment study reflecting the exposure characteristics of the accident substance for an actual chemical accident.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2010

Constructing the national inventory that can be used as a tool to identify and assess existing or potential contamination is necessary for efficiently managing the soil and groundwater contamination. In order to start this construction, the first step is how we define and classify potential contamination sources of soil and groundwater. After selecting the basic classification model of contamination sources from developed countries, we suggested the classification and list of the potential contamination sources of soil and groundwater which are appropriate for specific conditions of South Korea. In addition, we investigated several databases to confirm the existence of available data sources and then examined established attribute data through chemical accident response information system (CARIS) and water information system (WIS) in National Institute of Environmental Research and mine geographic information system (MGIS) in Mine Reclamation Corporation. All sorts of attribute data in the existing databases can be utilized as significant assessment factors for determining the management priority of potential contamination sources in the future. Therefore, it is required the expanded investigation of additional database sources and the continual modification so that the classification system of potential contamination sources can be improved.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2010

국내 수문관측자료의 부족으로SWAT(Soil Water Assessment Tool) 모형의 적용성 평가는 대부분 유출자료만을 사용하여 이루어진다. 본 연구는 실측된 여러 수문자료가 SWAT수문모형의 불확실성 및 오차의 감소를 위해 어떻게 이용될 수 있는 지에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전형적인 산지 유역인 설마천 유역을 대상으로 준분포형 장기강우유출모형인 SWAT 모형을 적용하여 수문성분의 특성을 살펴보았다. 먼저 모형의 입력자료인 기상자료 및 지형자료를 획득하여 구축하였고, 모형의 검 보정 위하여 유출, 증발산, 토양수분 실측자료를 획득하였다. SWAT 모형은 유츨량, 증발산, 토양수분 자료가 동시에 측정된 2007년 자료를 사용하여 보정된 후, SWAT 모형의 모의값은 유출량은 2003~2008년, 증발산과 토양수분은 2008년의 관측값과 비교, 분석한 뒤 전체적인 검증을 통해 모형의 적용성 평가를 실시하였다. 유출량의 검 보정 이용한 모의결과보다 다른 실측자료를 이용한 모의결과가 신뢰성이 높게 나타났다(결정계수($R^2$) 상향: 유출량은 0.72에서 0.76, 토양수분은 0.49에서 0.59, 증발산은 0.52에서 0.59). 유역의 실제적인 상황을 근접하게 모의하기 위해서는 다른 수문성분의 정확하고 신뢰성 있는 자료의 구축과 적용이 매우 중요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2005년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.241-246
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• 2005

Doam watershed is located at alpine areas in the Kangwon province. The annual average precipitation, including snow accumulation during the winter, at the Doam watershed is significantly higher than other areas. Thus, pollutant laden runoff and sediment discharge from the alpine agricultural fields are causing water quality degradation at the Doam watershed. To estimate soil erosion from the agricultural fields, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used because of its simplicity to use. The USLE rainfall erosivity (R) factor is responsible for impacts of rainfall on soil erosion. Thus, use of constant R factor for the Doam watershed cannot reflect variations in precipitation patterns, consequently soil erosion estimation. In the early spring at the Doam watershed, the stream flow increases because of snow melt, which results in erosion of loosened soil experiencing freezing and thaw during the winter. However, the USLE model cannot consider the impacts on soil erosion of freezing and thaw of the soil. Also, it cannot simulate temporal changes in USLE input parameters. Thus, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was investigated for its applicability to estimate soil erosion at the Doam watershed, instead of the widely used USLE model. The SWAT hydrology and erosion/sediment components were validated after calibration of the hydrologic component. The $R^2$ and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient values are higher enough, thus it was found the SWAT model can be efficiently used to simulate hydrology and sediment yield at the Doam watershed. The effects of snow melt on SWAT estimated stream flow and sediment were investigated using long-term precipitation and temperature data at the Doam watershed. It was found significant amount of flow and sediment in the spring are contributed by melting snow accumulated during the winter. Thus, it is recommend that the SWAT model capable of simulating snow melt and long-term weather data needs to be used in estimating soil erosion at alpine agricultural land instead of the USLE model for successful soil erosion management at the Doam watershed.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-33
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• 2012

서낙동강 유역의 대부분은 농경지와 임야로 이루어져 있으며, 서낙동강은 상하류에 위치한 수문으로 인해 자연적인 하천흐름이 원활하지 않은 정체수역으로서 비점오염원등의 오염원으로 인해 수질이 점점 악화되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 이용하여 수문운영에 따른 서낙동강의 유량과 수질 거동을 모의하였다. SWAT 모형을 검보정하기 위하여 2006년에서 2007년까지 서낙동강 주요 지류의 5개의 수위관측소 지점에서 유량 및 수질을 측정하였다. 민감도 분석을 수행한 이후에 유량과 수질의 보정 결과로 $R^2$ 값은 각각 0.86과 0.70으로 나타났다. 검증기간에서의 $R^2$ 값은 각각 0.81과 0.51로 나타났다. 수문 운영에 따른 수질모의 결과, 수문개방시 BOD 농도는 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, TN과 TP도 BOD와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 유역단위의 시공간적인 수문 및 수질 모의가 가능한 SWAT 모형을 사용하여 서낙동강의 수질관리를 위한 수문 운영 기법을 검토하였으며, 이를 활용하여 수문 운영자는 갈수기 수질향상을 위한 최적의 유입량 및 방류량을 결정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.156-169
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• 2015

본 연구는 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 이용하여 임하댐 유역($1,355.5km^2$)을 대상으로 RCP(AR5) 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 미래 수문순환 영향을 평가하였다. 3지점의 실측된 유출량을 활용하여 모형의 보정(2002~2007년) 및 검증(2008~2013년)을 실시하였다. 검 보정 결과 결정계수($R^2$)는 0.70~0.85로, Nash-Sutcliffe 모형 효율(NSE)은 0.67~0.82로 분석되어 신뢰성 있는 유출량 모의 결과를 나타내었다. 기후변화 시나리오는 기상청에서 제공하는 HadGEM3-RA 모형의 RCP 4.5 및 8.5 시나리오를 수집하여, 과거 34년(1980-2013, baseline period)의 기상자료를 기준으로 편이보정(Bias Correction)하여 SWAT모형에 적용하였다. 기후변화 분석 결과 강수량과 평균기온이 10.8%, $4.9^{\circ}C$ 증가하였으며, 강수량과 기온의 증가로 증발산 11.2%, 토양수분 1.9%, 지표유출 10.0%, 중간유출 12.1%, 회귀유출 18.2%이 각각 증가함에 따라 총 하천유출량이 11.2% 증가하였다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2005년도 국제학술회의
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• pp.100-113
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• 2005

Leaf color and plant vigor are key indicators of crop health. These visual plant attributes are frequently used by greenhouse managers, producers, and consultants to make water, nutrient, and disease management decisions. Remote sensing techniques can quickly quantify soil and plant attributes, but it requires humans to translate such data into meaningful information. Over time, scientists have used reflectance data from individual wavebands to develop a series of indices that attempt to quantify things like soil organic matter content, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf area index, vegetative cover, amount of living biomass, and grain yield. The recent introduction of active sensors that function independent of natural light has greatly expanded the capabilities of scientists and managers to obtain useful information. Characteristics and limitations of active sensors need to be understood to optimize their use for making improved management decisions. Pot experiments involving sand culture were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in a green house to evaluate corn and red pepper biomass. The rNDVI, gNDVI and aNDVI by ground-based remote sensors were used for evaluation of corn and red pepper biomass. The result obtained from the case study was shown that ground remote sensing as a non-destructive real-time assessment of plant nitrogen status was thought to be a useful tool for in season crop nitrogen management providing both spatial and temporal information.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.149-162
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• 2008

미국농무성에서 토양과 토지이용 특성을 고려한 대규모 유역의 유출해석과 토양침식량 및 비점오염원 부하를 해석하기 위해 개발한 SWAT 모델을 대청댐 유역에 적용하여 토지이용 특성별 토양침식량을 산정하였다. 연구결과는 저수지관리자와 정책입안자들에게 저수지 탁수문제를 완화하기 위한 유역관리 대안의 효율성을 평가하는데 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 유출과 토양 유실량 산정에 영향을 미치는 주요한 매개변수들을 보정한 후, 모델은 실측 연간 유출성분과 월별 유황변화를 비교적 잘 예측하였다. 모의결과, 토지 이용별 단위면적당 토양침식량은 밭이 33.1 ton/ha/yr로 가장 많았으며, 임야는 수목의 종류에 따라 $2.3{\sim}5.4ton/ha/yr$, 도시지역 1.0 ton/ha/yr, 논 0.1 ton/ha/yr의 순으로 나타났다. 토지이용면적 가중 연간 토양침식량 산정결과, 밭은 유역전체 면적에서 차지하는 비율이 단지 10% 정도에 해당하지만 연간 총 토양침식량의 55.3%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 비록 본 연구에서 적용한 토양침식량 산정 방법에 농작물의 종류와 경작형태에 대한 구체적인 정보를 포함하지 못하는 불확실성이 내재되어 있으나, 연구결과는 최소한 저수지의 탁수문제를 완화하기 위해서는 상류 유역의 토양침식 조절대책이 필요함을 시사하며, 유역의 점유율에 비해 토양침식에 기여도가 가장 큰 밭농사 지역에 대한 토양침식 억제 대책을 우선 실시하는 것이 가장 효율적일 것으로 판단된다.