• Title/Summary/Keyword: Soil Extracts

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Effects of Continuously Cropped Soil Extracts on Cell Viability and Seedling Growth of Peony(Paeonia lactiflora) (작약 연작지토양 추출물이 작약 배양세포와 배양묘의 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Jun-Hong;Choi, Seong-Yong;Park, So-Deuk;Kim, Tae-Hwa;Park, Man;Kim, Jang-Eok
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.7-11
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    • 2010
  • This experiment was conducted to investigate the growth inhibition effects caused by continuous cropping soil in peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pallas). The effect of extracts from continuous cropping soil of peony was tested with bio-assay method using callus cells induced from peony filament tissues and seedlings derived from peony zygotic embryos. The cell viability and seedling growth were significantly inhibited by methanol extract in continuous cropping soil. Methanol extract from continuous cropping soil was successively fractionated with solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. The seedling growth was inhibited by ethyl acetate fraction obtained in methanol extract.

Research Trends for Soil-Related Algal Toxicity (토양 관련 조류독성 연구동향)

  • Nam, Sun-Hwa;An, Youn-Joo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.35 no.8
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    • pp.607-612
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    • 2013
  • Soil ecological risk assessment requires terrestrial toxicity data based on trophic levels including plants, earthworms, nematodes, and springtails. To expand the trophic levels, it is needed to consider primary producer algae, nearly distributed in terrestrial environment, as representative terrestrial test species. In this study, we collected research cases focused on soil-related test species and exposure media from SCI papers, and analyzed exposure media, test species, test chemicals, and other test methods, for reviewing research trends of soil-related algal toxicity. Up to now, in the soil-related algal toxicity, test species were 8 cases (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Chlorococcum infusionum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Nostoc linckia, Synechococcus elongatus, and Chlorococcum sp.) and endpoints were cell count or photosynthetic pigment content. Also, 5 of exposure media were liquid medium, soil extracts, porewater, agar medium, and soil. Most of papers used algae isolated from natural soils or soil extracts. There were only one case for assessing algal toxicity in soil medium. More researches regarding algal toxicity in soil environments need to be conducted consistently.

Microbial Aspartase and Its Activity on Deamination of L-Aspartyl-L-Phenylalanine Methyl Eester

  • Chang, Wonyoon;Goo, Yang-Mo
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.139-144
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    • 1988
  • Examination of many microorganisms and soil isolated for the activity of aspartase proved that R, rubra, G, suboxydans, A. versicolor, P. purpurogenum, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa, A. gigantus, A, unguis, A. parasiticus and a soil isolate (S-90) had high activity of aspartase. Comparison of the activity of the aspartase by cell free extracts of these microorganisms with the activity of the enzyme catalyzing the deamination of aspartame by the same cell free extracts showed similar kinetic characteristics. The aspartase existing in the cell free extracts seemed to catalyze the deamination of aspartame, too.

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Phytotoxic Effects of Xanthium occidentale Extracts and Residues on Seedling Growth of Several Plant Species

  • Chon Sang-Uk
    • Plant Resources
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.116-121
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    • 2005
  • Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to agricultural crops as well as weed species. Aqueous or methanol extracts and plant residues from leaves of Xanthium occidentale were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine its allelopathic effects, and the results showed that the extracts applied onto filter paper significantly inhibited seed germination as well as root growth of alfalfa. Aqueous leaf extracts of $40g\;L^{-1}$ were completely inhibitory on root growth of alfalfa, while root growths of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were less sensitive. Leaf residue incorporation at $100g\;kg^{-1}$ into soil on seedling growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi) inhibited both shoot and root fresh weights of barnyard grass by 94 and $96\%$, respectively. Methanol extracts from BuOn and EtOAc fractions of X. occidentale reduced alfalfa root growth more than did those from hexane and water fractions. The results based on bioassay of extracts and residues show that X. occidentale had potent an allelopathic activity against other plant species.

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Soil Characteristics and Soil Salinity Changes in the Reclaimed Tideland of Korea (간척지 토양특성과 토양염류도 변화 개관)

  • Lee, Seung-Heon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.42 no.spc
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    • pp.14-19
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    • 2009
  • To obtain the basic data on reclaimed tideland soils, 90 soil samples were collected from 9 tideland reclamation project areas in Korea. The soils consisted of clay (2.0 to 35.0 percents), silt (2.0 to 80.0 percents), and sand (8.0 to 95.0 percents), and were dominantly classified sandy loam and silty loam. The soils had pH of 4.5 to 9.1, organic matter of 0.50 to $19.20g\;kg^{-1}$, total nitrogen of 4 to $1,159mg\;kg^{-1}$, and avaliable phosphorus (as $P2_O_5$) of 3.5 to $147.7mg\;kg^{-1}$. The electrical conductivity in soil saturation-paste extracts (ECe) ranged between $0.62dS\;m^{-1}$ and $31.60dS\;m^{-1}$ and the concentrations of sodium and magnesium ions were higher than those of potassium and calcium ions. The magnitude of the ECe was as low as that of normal level in Nam-Po, Pu-Sa, and Kye-Hwa reclamation project areas having sandy loam texture, but was as high as that of normal level saline-sodic level in Nam-Yang and So-Po reclamation project areas having silty loam texture even though the soils were cultivated more than 10 years as a paddy. Some part of Saemangeum area was surveyed and soil textures were various; some were silt loam and some were sandy loam. The ECe values were very high in topsoil and subsoil.

Reduction of Stress Caused by Drought and Salt in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crops through Applications of Selected Plant Extracts and the Physiological Response Mechanisms of Rice

  • Hyun Hwa Park;Young Seon Lee;Yong In Kuk
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2022.10a
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    • pp.57-57
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    • 2022
  • In many areas of the world, salt damage and drought have had a negative impact on human survival due to a decrease in agricultural productivity. For instance, about 50% of agricultural land will be affected by salt damage by 2050. Biostimulants such as plant extracts can not only increase the nutrient utilization efficiency of plants, but also promote plant growth and increase resistance to abiotic or biotic stress. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how selected plant extracts might reduce levels of stress caused by drought and salt and to better understand the physiological response mechanisms of rice plants. In this study, we used Soybean leaves, Soybean stems and Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts were used. These extracts had been used in previous studies and were found to be effective. The materials were dried in a dry oven at 50℃ for 5 days and ground using a blender. Each 50 g of materials was put in 1 L of distilled water, stirred for 24 hours, filtered using 4 layers of mirocloth, and then concentrated using a concentrator. Rice (cv. Hopumbyeo) seeds were immersed and germinated, and then sown in seedbeds filled with commercial soil. In drought experiments, three rice seedlings at 1 week after seeding was transplanted into 100 ml cups filled with commercial soils and grown until the 4-leaf stage. For this experiment, the soil weight in a cup was equalized, and water was allowed to become 100% saturated and then drained for 24 hours. Thereafter, plant extracts at 3% concentrations were applied to the soils. For NaCl treatments, rice plants at 17 days after seeding were treated with either 100 mM NaCl or plant extracts at 1%+ 100 mM NaCl combinations in the growth chamber. Leaf injury, relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, and chlorophyll contents were measured at 3, 5, and 6 days after treatments. Shoot fresh weight of rice under drought conditions increased 28-37% in response to treatments of Soybean leaf, Soybean stem, Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts at 3% when compared with control plants. Shoot fresh weight of rice subjected to 100 mM NaCl treatments also increased by 6-24% in response to Soybean leaf, Soybean stem, Allium tuberosum, Allium cepa, Hizikia fusiforme, and Gracilaria verrucosa extracts at 3% when compared with control plants. Compared to the control, rice plants treated with these six extracts and subjected to drought conditions had significantly higher relative water content, Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids than control plants. With the exception of relative water contents, rice plants treated with the six extracts and subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl treatments) had significantly higher Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids than control plants. However, the type of extract used did not produce significant difference in these parameters. Thus, all the plant extracts used in this study could mitigate drought and NaCl stresses and could also contribute substantially to sustainable crop production.

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Comparative Studies on the Acute Toxicities of Whole Solids and Solids Aqueous Extracts Based on the Inhibition of Bacterial Bioluminescence Production

  • Kong, In-Chul
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.41-45
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    • 2011
  • The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate a rapid bioluminescence bioassay for comparison of the toxicity of whole solids and the aqueous extracts of various environmental solid samples. With regard to the toxicities, those for the soil extracts were mostly found to be lower than those of whole soils, which may have been caused by un-extracted pollutants or dilution during the extraction process. Solid samples from dam-reservoir sediments and municipal refuses were also tested. The toxicities of the solid extracts (0-34%; refuses and sediments) were much lower than those of the whole solids (13-91%). The bioluminescence inhibition test indicated that the harmful effects of the contaminated solids samples were greater than those of the solid extracts.

Enzymatic Properties of Cellobiohydrolase immobilized in Soil (토양내에 고정화되어 있는 Cellobiohydrolase의 효소학적 성질)

  • 정종각;양영기;맹진수;이영하
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.122-128
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    • 1988
  • The enzymatic properties of soil cellobiohydrolase were examined and compared with those of cellobiohydrolase-active extracts from soil in the forms of enzyme-humic complex and humicfree enzyme, and cellobiohydrolase partially pruified from Aspergillus niger. The pH optima of soil cellobiohydrolase and cellobiohydrolase-humic complex were greater by 1.5-3.0 pH units than those of cellobiohydrolase in humic-free extract and from A. niger. Soil cellobiohydrolase and cellobiohydrolase-humic complex were remarkably resistant to thermal denaturation and proteolysis. These results confirm that cellobiohydrolase in soil is atable in conditions which rapidly inactivate microbial cellobiohydrolase and that its stability is due to the immobilization of this enzyme by association with humic substances. The Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for soil, cellobiohydrolase-humic complex, humic free extract and cellobiohydrolase from A. niger were 22.1mg/ml, 11.3mg/ml, 10.6mg/ml and 4.5 mg/ml of Avicel, respectively.

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L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of fungi, yeasts and streptomyces (Fungi, 이스트, 그리고 streptomyces에서 L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase의 활성도 비교)

  • 장지영;구양모;김공환
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.270-277
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    • 1988
  • Microorganisms isolated from soil (150 strains), fungi (39 strains), yeasts (9 strains) and Streptomyces species (39 strains) were assayed for L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) activity. 17 strains of fungi and 46 strains of soil isolates were proved to produce PAL, Aspergillus panamensis, Penicillium varioti and 11 soil isolates showed comparatively large PAL activity. When PAL activity was assayed with cell-free extracts of these 13 strains and 7 strains of Rhodotorula and Rhodosporidium geni, Rhodosporidium toruloides (IFO 0559) showed the highest PAL activity with 0.333 units per g of the wet cell weight.

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