• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.107-127
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• 2022

본 연구는 네덜란드의 지역별 혁신 클러스터정책을 통해 네덜란드 경제의 성장동인을 찾고자 한다. 전통적으로 농업과 물류중심의 경제구조를 가진 네덜란드는 1990년대 지역 클러스터를 만들면서 첨단 허브 국가로서 역할을 충실하게 해왔고 작은 나라임에도 세계 수출의 7위를 차지하는 등 혁신국가의 이미지를 만드는데 성공했다. 그 바탕에는 혁신을 위한 체계적인 분석 접근법으로 '지역 혁신 시스템(Rational Innovation System)'의 개념을 도입하고 지역의 특색을 살린 산학연 모델이 가장 큰 요인으로 작용했다. 여기에는 적절한 중앙정부의 혁신 생태계 조성을 위한 정책적 방향 제시와 지역을 중심으로 한 산학연 모델이 크게 작용한 것으로 평가받고 있다. 이런 점을 종합적으로 살펴 볼 때 본고에서는 다음과 같은 시사점을 발견할 수 있다. 첫째, 혁신 클러스터의 활성화이다. 둘째, Top 9을 중심으로 한 신산업육성정책과 미래산업 전략을 활성화하고 있다. 셋째, 산학연 협력을 구체화하고 있다. 넷째, 스타트업의 창업을 육성하고 있다. 이를 종합하면 네덜란드는 2019년 설립된 TechLeap은 네덜란드의 기술 생태계를 정량화하고 가속화하는 데 도움을 주는데 자본, 시장 및 인재에 대한 접근성을 개선하기 위한 프로그램 및 이니셔티브를 통해 기술 기업이 확장할 수 있는 최적의 환경을 조성해 네덜란드를 미래의 기술 선도기업들을 위한 보금자리로 만들기 위해 노력하고 있다. 첨단농업과 물류국가로 알려진 네덜란드는 4차 산업혁명시대를 맞이하여 로테르담을 중심으로 하는 물류의 항구에서 ICT 기술을 기반으로 하는 '지식항구(brainport)'로 확장하고 있다. 네덜란드는 물류 국가에서 산업화에 성공했지만 최근 지역혁신 생태계를 만들기 위한 중앙정부의 비전 제시와 지역의 특화산업을 연계한 산학연 클러스터 모델이 가장 큰 디딤돌 역할을 하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 네덜란드의 혁신정책은 혁신 클러스터 생태계를 중심으로 지역을 개발하고 일자리 창출과 새로운 산업을 위한 투자를 통해 유럽의 '디지털 관문'으로서 역할에 보다 충실할 것으로 전망된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.167-190
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• 2010

The research conducted here focuses on the effect of factors that affect the behavior of UCC (User Created Content) website users, other than user's rational recognition of how useful a UCC website can be. Most discussions in the existing literature on information systems have focused on users' evaluation how a UCC website can help to attain the users' own goals. However, there are other factors and this research pays attention to an individual's 'personality,' which is stable and biological in nature. Specifically, I have noted here that 'extroversion' and 'neuroticism,' the two common personality factors presented in Eysenck's most representative 'EPQ Model' and 'Big Five Model,' are the two personality factors that affect a site's 'usefulness,' by this I mean how useful does the user consider the website and its content. How useful a site is considered by the user is the other factor that has been regarded as the antecedent factor that influences the adoption of information systems in the existing MIS (Management Information System) research. Secondly, as using or creating a UCC website does not guarantee the user's or the creator's extrinsic motivation, unlike when using the information system within an organization, there is a greater likelihood that the increase in user's activities in relation to a UCC website is motivated by emotional factors rather than rational factors. Thus, I have decided to include the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable in the research model. Thirdly, when based on the S-O-R Paradigm of Mehrabian and Russell, the two cognitive factors and emotional factors are finally affected by stimulus, and thus these factors ultimately have an effect on an individual's respondent behavior. Therefore, this research has presented an assumption that the recognition of how useful the site and content is and what emotional pleasure it provides will finally affect the behavior of the UCC website users. Finally, the relationship between the recognition of how useful a site is and how pleasurable it is to useand UCC usage may differ depending on certain situational conditions. In other words, the relationship between the three factors may vary according to how much users are involved in the creation of the website content. Creation thus emerges as the keyword of UCC. I analyzed the above relationships through the moderating variable of the user's involvement in the creation of the site. The research result shows the following: When it comes to the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable it is extroverted users who have a greater likelihood to feel pleasure when using a UCC website, as was expected in this research. This in turn leads to a more active usage of the UCC web site because a person who is an extrovert likes to spend time on activities with other people, is sensitive to new experiences and stimuli and thus actively responds to these. An extroverted person accepts new UCC activities as part of his/her social life, rather than getting away from this new UCC environment. This is represented by the term 'Foxonomy' where the users meet a variety of users from all over the world and contact new types of content created by these users. However, neuroticism creates the opposite situation to that created by extroversion. The representative symptoms of neuroticism are instability, stress, and tension. These dispositions are more closely related to stress caused by a new environment rather than this creatingcuriosity or pleasure. Thus, neurotic persons have an uneasy feeling and will eventually avoid the situation where their own or others' daily lives are frequently exposed to the open web environment, this eventually makes them have a negative attitude towards the web environment. When it comes to an individual's personality and how useful site is, the two personality factors of extroversion and neuroticism both have a positive relationship with the recognition of how useful the site and its content is. The positive, curious, and social dispositions of extroverted persons tend to make them consider the future usefulness and possibilities of a new type of information system, or website, based on their positive attitude, which has a significant influence on the recognition of how useful these UCC sites are. Neuroticism also favorably affects how useful a UCC website can be through a different mechanism from that of extroversion. As the neurotic persons tend to feel uneasy and have much doubt about a new type of information system, they actively explore its usefulness in order to relieve their uncomfortable feelings. In other words, neurotic persons seek out how useful a site can be in order to secure their own stable feelings. Meanwhile, extroverted persons explore how useful a site can be because of their positive attitude and curiosity. As a lot of MIS research has revealed that the recognition of how useful a site can be and how pleasurable it can be to use have been proven to have a significant effect on UCC activity. However, the relationship between these factors reveals different aspects based on the user's involvement in creation. This factor of creationgauges the interest of users in the creation of UCC contents. Involvement is a variable that shows the level of an individual's mental effort in creating UCC contents. When a user is highly involved in the creation process and makes an enormous effort to create UCC content (classed a part of a high-involvement group), their own pleasure and recognition of how useful the site is have a significantly higher effect on the future usage of the UCC contents, more significantly than the users who sit back and just retrieve the UCC content created by others. The cognitive and emotional response of those in the low-involvement group is unlikely to last long,even if they recognize the contents of a UCC website is pleasurable and useful to them. However, the high-involvement group tends to participate in the creation and the usage of UCC more favorably, connecting the experience with their own goals. In this respect, this research presents an answer to the question; why so many people are participating in the usage of UCC, the representative form of the Web 2.0 that has drastically involved more and more people in the creation of UCC, even if they cannot gain any monetary or social compensation. Neither information system nor a website can succeed unless it secures a certain level of user base. Moreover, it cannot be further developed when the reasons, or problems, for people's participation are not suitably explored, even if it has a certain user base. Thus, what is significant in this research is that it has studied users' respondent behavior based on an individual's innate personality, emotion, and cognitive interaction, unlike the existing research that has focused on 'compensation' to explain users' participation with the UCC website. There are also limitations in this research. Firstly, I divided an individual's personality into extroversion and neuroticism; however, there are many other personal factors such as neuro-psychiatricism, which also needs to be analyzed for its influence on UCC activities. Secondly, as a UCC website comes in many types such as multimedia, Wikis, and podcasting, these types need to be included as a sub-category of the UCC websites and their relationship with personality, emotion, cognition, and behavior also needs to be analyzed.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1-32
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• 2008

기업연상(corporate association)이 제품 평가(product responses)에 어떻게 영향을 미치는 가에 대한 연구가 부진하다는 Brown and Dacin(1997)의 문제 제기가 있은 후, 기업연상이 제품 판단에 미치는 영향과 과정에 대한 조절변수와 매개변수들을 파악하려는 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 기업연상의 두가지 유형인 CA(corporate ability) 연상과 CSR(corporate social responsibility) 연상이 성능과 재무위험에 미치는 영향력과 그 영향력을 조절하는 변수들을 조사하였다. 분석 결과에 의하면, 주효과(main effects)에 있어서는, 가설에서 기대한 바와 같이 CA 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 유의한 영향력을 갖는 것으로 나타난 반면, CSR 연상은 성능위험과 재무위험에 대해 유의한 영향력을 갖지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 조절변수로 인한 상호작용효과와 관련해서는, CA 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 미치는 주효과에 대해 제품범주 지식과 관여는 각각 유의한 조절효과를 나타내었다. 하지만, CSR 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 미치는 주효과에 대해서는 제품범주 지식과 관여의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여 제품의 기능적인 속성에 대한 정보가 부족한 제품에 대해 소비자가 지각하는 위험을 감소시키기 위하여, 기업은 CSR 연상보다는 CA 연상에 대해 강조할 필요가 있다는 결론을 내리게 되었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.112-127
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• 1998

지난 5월 20일과 21일에 일본 삿포로시에서 평성(平成)10년도(年度) 사방학회연구발표회(砂防學會硏究發表會)가 개최되어 기획발표 21편과 일반발표 185편의 논문이 발표되었다. 기획발표로는 화산방재(火山防災) 일반(一般) 6편, 지진사방연구회(地震砂防硏究會) 활동보고(活動報告) 6편, 수변지역(水邊地域)의 관리(管理)와 지침(指針) 5편 및 평성(平成)9년도(年度) 토사재해(土砂災害) 4편이 각각 발표되었으며, 일반과제로는 사면안정(斜面安定) 10편, 사면붕괴(斜面崩壞) 10편, 지진(地震) 9편, 환경사방(環境砂防) 41편, 토사유출(土砂流出) 25편, 경계(警械) 피난(避難) 11편, 사방계획(砂防計劃) 10편, 사방사업(砂防事業) 11편, 사방구조물(砂防構造物) 10편, 화산사방(火山砂防) 12편, 녹화(綠化) 4편, 수문(水文) 4편, 눈사태 4편, 땅밀림 4편, 토석류(土石流) 18편 및 유학생(留學生) 2편 등이 발표되었다. 특히 기획발표중 "수변지역(水邊地域)의 관리(管理)와 지침(指針)"에서는 "수변지역(水邊地域)의 구조(構造)와 기능(機能)", "홍수(洪水)와 수변형성(水邊形成)의 상관관계(相關關係)", "토사관리(土砂管理)의 장(場)으로서의 계반지역(溪畔地域)과 유로정비(流路整備) 방법(方法)", "주민참가(住民參加)에 의한 자연림(自然林) 재생(再生) 노력(努力)", "수변완충지역(水邊緩衝地域) 설정(設定)의 제도적(制度的) 사회적(社會的) 과제(課題)" 등 5편이 발표되었다. 이는 우리 나라의 사방분야(砂防分野)에 있어서 앞으로의 산지급류소하천(山地急流小河川)을 친환경적(親環境的)인 방법으로 정비하는 데에 중요한 자료이므로 그 내용을 요약 정리하였다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2009

경북과 경남 일부지역에 소재한 치위생(학)과 학생 251명을 대상으로 노인에 대한 지식과 태도를 조사하여 노인을 대상으로 실시하는 구강건강증진 및 유지 활동에 효율적으로 임할 수 있도록 하는 기초자료를 마련하고자 실시하였으며 자기기입식 설문방법을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 노인에 대한 지식의 전체 평균 점수는 25점 만점에 11.78점(정답률 47.12%)으로 지식정도가 전체적으로 낮은 수준이었으며, 영역별로는 신체적 생리적 영역이 평균 7.33점(정답률 66.63%)으로 가장 높았고, 심리적 영역, 가족 및 사회적 영역의 평균은 각각 2.20점(정답률 36.6%), 2.24점(정답률 28%)으로 나타나 낮은 점수를 보였다. 2. 일반적 특징에 따른 노인에 대한 지식 차이는 노인관련 교육 수강 시 자신의 태도에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 응답한 대상자가 노인에 대한 지식이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 이는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p<.01). 또한 졸업 후 노인구강보건사업에 참여하겠다고 응답한 대상자들이 참여하지 않겠다고 응답한 대상자 보다 노인에 대한 지식이 높아 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 3. 노인에 대한 태도의 전체 평균은 98.58점으로 긍정적으로 나타났으며 하위영역에서는 개인 이미지 측면이 45점 만점 중 29.45점, 대인 관계적 측면 80점 만점 중 57.56점, 복지적인 측면은 15점 만점에 11.56점으로서 복지 측면이 가장 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 4. 일반적인 특성에 따른 노인에 대한 태도에서 개인 이미지는 노인과 동거한 경험이 있다고 응답한 대상자(p<.05)와 졸업 후 노인구강보건사업에 참여할 의사가 있다고 응답한 대상자에게서 노인에 대한 개인이미지가 더욱 긍정적인 것으로 나타나 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.01). 대인관계에서는 노인에 대한 관련 교육을 수강한다면 노인에 대한 자신의 태도에 영향을 미친 것이라고 응답한 대상자(p<.05)와 졸업 후 노인구강보건사업 참여한 의사가 있다고 응답한 대상자에서 긍정적으로 나타났다(p<.001). 복지적 측면에서는 노인과 동거한 경험이 있는 대상자가 동거경험이 없는 대상자보다 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 5. 노인에 대한 지식과 태도간의 상관관계는 (r=.360, p < .01) 수준에서 유의한 결과를 보였고 노인에 대한 신체적 생리적 영역, 심리적 영역, 가족 및 사회적 영역의 지식이 높을수록 노인에 대한 태도가 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 경과에서 노인과 관련된 치위생(학)과 교육내용 개발 시 노인들에 대한 신체적 생리적인 측면은 물론 심리적, 가족 및 사회적 영역의 교육이 강화되어져야 할 것 이며 더불어 학생들을 노인과 관련된 기관 즉 노인요양기관 및 노인복지관 등에서의 실습을 실시하게 하여 젊은 세대와 노인세대간의 관계를 향상시키고 이들 간에 긍정적인 상호작용을 유발시킬 수 있는 세대 공동체 프로그램을 개발하는 것이 매우 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권37호
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• pp.45-82
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• 2014

서구의 슈퍼히어로 장르는 캐릭터들의 탄생과 성장을 다루는 과정에서 정치, 경제, 사회 환경과 함께 각종 기호체계와 타 예술 장르들을 외적으로 흡수하고, 기존의 작품들을 패러디(parody) 등의 여러 형식으로 받아들였다. 본 논문에서는 슈퍼히어로 장르의 이와 같은 발전과정을 인식의 토대로 하여, 미국적 정신의 구현으로 여겨지던 이 장르가 어떻게 동아시아에서 입체적으로 활용되고 다양하게 재구성되었는지, 일본 선라이즈(Sunrise)사의 TV 애니메이션 시리즈 <타이거 앤 버니>(Tiger & Bunny,2011)를 통해 사례 분석하였다. <타이거 앤 버니>는 상호텍스트성에 기반을 둔 패러디적 유형과 특징들을 보이고 있으며, 내면 정서와 가치관의 동양적 재현에 더해, 자본주의 사회의 회사 중심적인 현대인들의 특징을 차용하여 적극적으로 사회의 외적인 부분을 반영하였다. 서구 히어로물과의 유사성과 차이점 비교를 통해 제시되는 부분은 크게 두 가지로 정리된다. 하나는 서구적 자본주의 사회에 대한 부정적 풍자이고, 다른 하나는 동양적 가족주의 가치관에 대한 긍정적 강조이다. 개인주의와 성과 위주의 평가가 만연한 서구 자본주의 사회에 대한 풍자는 히어로들의 TV 활동 과정에서 이루어진다. 이는 자본과 미디어에 수동적으로 종속된 현대 인간과 공공적 목표조차도 이윤의 도구로 이용하는 자본주의 시스템에 대한 은유적 비판이다. <타이거 앤 버니>의 설정과 내러티브에서 강조되는 덕목은 개인과 사회에 대한 동아시아적 가치관인데, 이는 국가와 사회의 구성원들을 가족적 정서로 연결시켜 공동체의 성공을 위해 노력하는 협조적 관계를 말한다. 타이거는 각자 사적인 목적에 충실하여 대의명분 없이 경쟁만 하던 히어로 집단에 정신적 지주 역할을 수행하고, 버니와 동료들은 타이거의 인간적인 가족주의적 커뮤니케이션 방식에 점차 감화된다. <타이거 앤 버니>는 이 과정을 통해서 현대사회의 사회병리를 해결할 수 있는 방안은 세계시민으로서 이러한 공동체 중심적, 자기희생적 정서를 갖추는 것임을 강조한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.123-127
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• 1978

The major objective of this research is to identify those hospital characteristics that best explain cost variation among hospitals and to formulate linear models that can predict hospital costs. Specific emphasis is placed on hospital output, that is, the identification of diagnosis related patient groups (DRGs) which are medically meaningful and demonstrate similar patterns of hospital resource consumption. A casemix index is developed based on the DRGs identified. Considering the common problems encountered in previous hospital cost research, the following study requirements are estab-lished for fulfilling the objectives of this research: 1. Selection of hospitals that exercise similar medical and fiscal practices. 2. Identification of an appropriate data collection mechanism in which demographic and medical characteristics of individual patients as well as accurate and comparable cost information can be derived. 3. Development of a patient classification system in which all the patients treated in hospitals are able to be split into mutually exclusive categories with consistent and stable patterns of resource consumption. 4. Development of a cost finding mechanism through which patient groups' costs can be made comparable across hospitals. A data set of Medicare patients prepared by the Social Security Administration was selected for the study analysis. The data set contained 27,229 record abstracts of Medicare patients discharged from all but one short-term general hospital in Connecticut during the period from January 1, 1971, to December 31, 1972. Each record abstract contained demographic and diagnostic information, as well as charges for specific medical services received. The 'AUT-OGRP System' was used to generate 198 DRGs in which the entire range of Medicare patients were split into mutually exclusive categories, each of which shows a consistent and stable pattern of resource consumption. The 'Departmental Method' was used to generate cost information for the groups of Medicare patients that would be comparable across hospitals. To fulfill the study objectives, an extensive analysis was conducted in the following areas: 1. Analysis of DRGs: in which the level of resource use of each DRG was determined, the length of stay or death rate of each DRG in relation to resource use was characterized, and underlying patterns of the relationships among DRG costs were explained. 2. Exploration of resource use profiles of hospitals; in which the magnitude of differences in the resource uses or death rates incurred in the treatment of Medicare patients among the study hospitals was explored. 3. Casemix analysis; in which four types of casemix-related indices were generated, and the significance of these indices in the explanation of hospital costs was examined. 4. Formulation of linear models to predict hospital costs of Medicare patients; in which nine independent variables (i. e., casemix index, hospital size, complexity of service, teaching activity, location, casemix-adjusted death. rate index, occupancy rate, and casemix-adjusted length of stay index) were used for determining factors in hospital costs. Results from the study analysis indicated that: 1. The system of 198 DRGs for Medicare patient classification was demonstrated not only as a strong tool for determining the pattern of hospital resource utilization of Medicare patients, but also for categorizing patients by their severity of illness. 2. The wei틴fed mean total case cost (TOTC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the study years was $11,27.02 with a standard deviation of $117.20. The hospital with the highest average TOTC ($1538.15) was 2.08 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average TOTC ($743.45). The weighted mean per diem total cost (DTOC) of the study hospitals for Medicare patients during the sutdy years was $107.98 with a standard deviation of $15.18. The hospital with the highest average DTOC ($147.23) was 1.87 times more expensive than the hospital with the lowest average DTOC ($78.49). 3. The linear models for each of the six types of hospital costs were formulated using the casemix index and the eight other hospital variables as the determinants. These models explained variance to the extent of 68.7 percent of total case cost (TOTC), 63.5 percent of room and board cost (RMC), 66.2 percent of total ancillary service cost (TANC), 66.3 percent of per diem total cost (DTOC), 56.9 percent of per diem room and board cost (DRMC), and 65.5 percent of per diem ancillary service cost (DTANC). The casemix index alone explained approximately one half of interhospital cost variation: 59.1 percent for TOTC and 44.3 percent for DTOC. Thsee results demonstrate that the casemix index is the most importand determinant of interhospital cost variation Future research and policy implications in regard to the results of this study is envisioned in the following three areas: 1. Utilization of casemix related indices in the Medicare data systems. 2. Refinement of data for hospital cost evaluation. 3. Development of a system for reimbursement and cost control in hospitals.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.110-127
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• 1997

The aim of this study is to present the basic datum for the promotion of effectiveness and improvement of nursery tasks, by grasping the situation of operating room nurses tasks and the degree of their fatigue. For these researches, 70 nurses out of the operating rooms of 3 university-affiliated hospitals-two in Seoul and one in Pusan, were chosen at random by a non-probability sampling method. These researches were done from April 14 to April 26 in 1997 by questionairing method. The questionaire was composed of 30 items, which asks the examinees of their physical, mental, and neurosensory symptoms, with 10 items respectively. The reliability of the research instrument was turned out very high with Cronbach's ${\alpha}=.9376$. The datum were electronically processed using Statistics Program for Social Sciences(SPSS). The analysis of datum in this study has a general character, in which the demosociological character and the special ex-officio character was calculated by frequency and percentage. The situation of tasks in operating rooms was calculated by frequency and percentage. The fatigue of operating room nurses was calculated by average and standard deviation. To compare the fatigue with regard to the character of operating room nurse's tasks, t-test and F-test(ANOVA) were used after the character of variations, and the variations at the level of P<.05 which might have some meaning was verified after the fact with Duncan's Multiple Range(DMR). The results of this research are as follows : 1) The nurses working in operating rooms show their fatigue in three fields-in Group I physical symptoms 3.28, in Group III neurosensory symptoms 2.85, and in Group II mental symptoms 2.73, which shows I Dominant type (general type). 2) They complain, in Group I they are "feeling the heavy legs," 3.28 and in Group II they "occasionally forget soon what to do," 3.09. and in Group III, they "feel lumbago," 3.47, which is the highest rate of the three. The highest rate results from the character of their tasks, in which they have to move rapidly the heavy appliances and do their jobs standing many hours, especially wearing heavy radiation protector. 3) As to transportation, subway using group feel the greatest fatigue, 3.18(F=4.315, P=.008). 4) As to department, nurses in the orthopedic's surgery part feel the greatest fatigue, 3.26(F=2.040, P=.050). 5) As to the change of physical symptoms, the group answering that they found physical abnormality after working in operating rooms show the greatest fatigue, 3.12(t=-3.13, P=.003). 6) At to the general circumstances, the group answering that they receive insufficient consideration on their physical abnormality in their department, show the greatest fatigue, 3.10(F=3.200, P=0.47). 7) As to the relation with superior officers, the group answering that their superior officer has an impetuous temperament, show great fatigue, 3.11(F=4.855, P=.011). 8) As to the time of feeling fatigue, the fatigue reaches the highest point 1~2 hours after operations, 3.04(F=2.703, P=.046). 9) When they feel fatigue after scrub nurse duties, they feel the greatest fatigue 2 hours after the duties, 3.09( F=2.841, P=.038). 10) As to the operation instruments, when they use complex instruments borrowing from the outside in addition to the basic instruments, their fatigue becomes the greatest, 3.09(F=7.831, P=.000). 11) As to the kind of operation, when they participate in orthopedic's surgery operations, they feel the greatest fatigue, 3.18(F=4.362, P=.000). With the above results, it is proved that the degree of operating room nurses' fatigue is considerably high. So it may be concluded that the measure for lessening the fatigue should be find immediately, not on the level of personal matters but on the level of hospital nursing administration.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2013

백두산 화산 폭발 시 남한 지역은 동해안을 중심으로 화산재에 의한 피해가 예상된다. 적은 양의 화산재라고 할지라도 농작물의 피해나 토양의 산성화를 유발하는 등 농업 분야에 심각한 영향을 줄 수 있다. 이에 이 논문에서는 화산재에 의한 농작물의 피해를 추정하고 구글 지도를 통해 시각화하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 화산재에 대한 피해 예측모델이 필요하다. 화산재 위험은 농작물의 종류와 화산재 두께에 따라 다르므로 피해 예측 모델의 취약도 함수는 화산재 두께와 농작물의 손상률 간의 관계를 나타내어야 한다. 이 논문에서는 RiskScape에서 정의한 화산재 두께에 따른 농작물별 손상률을 이용하여 취약도 함수를 정의하였다. 이 취약도 함수를 농작물 생산량과 가격 정보에 적용하여 화산재 두께에 따른 농작물 피해액을 추정할 수 있다. 또한, 이 논문에서는 화산재의 피해가 예측되는 강원도 지역을 대상으로 화산재에 의한 농작물 피해를 추정하였다. 연구 결과 2010년 강원도 농업 총 생산량을 기준으로 했을 때 화산재가 약 4 mm 정도 쌓이게 되면 농작물 피해액은 약 6,351억 원에 달하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 강원도 총 농업생산액의 약 50%에 해당한다. 이 논문에서는 화산재에 의한 농작물의 1차적인 피해만을 고려하고 있다. 하지만 화산재는 토양 오염이나 시설물과 같은 농가의 자산에 잠재적인 위험을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 농업 분야 전체에 대한 총 피해 규모를 추정하기 위해서는 이와 같은 2차적인 피해도 함께 고려해야 할 것이다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제7권
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• pp.201-219
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• 1989

Rice culture in Korea has a long history ranging over two thousand years. In the agriculture economy of pre-mordern Korea, however, its importantce was not as great as generally assumed. In fact, rice culture reached full development only after the 1920s when the Japanese colonial government carried out its drive to increase rice production in the Korea peninsula. It was not until the mid-1930s that rice became the staple in Korean diet. This can be attributed to two factors : (1) a mountainous topography that provides little irrigated fields and (2) a climate characterized by droughts in spring and heavy precipitation in summer. The present paper attempts to answer some of these questions. Specifically it will focus on these : Did the development of rice culture actually result in population growth? What are the salient features of agricultural develdpment and population grow in traditional Korea? Does the case of Korea conform the prevailing generalization about the agriculture in East Asia? I have discussed the development of rice culture and population growth in the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty, focusing on the relation between the rapid spread of transplanting and the rapid growth of population from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Here are my conclusions. (1) The spread of transplanting and other technological innovationsc contributed to the rapid growth of population in this period. However, we should also note that the impact of rice culture on population growth was rather limited, for rice culture was not the mainstay of agricultural economy in pre-modern Korea. Indeed we should consider the influence of dry field cropsn population growth. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the proliferation of rice culture was a factor crucial to population growth and regional concentration. (2) How should we characterize the spread of rice culture in the whole period? Evidently rice culture spread from less then 20% of cultivated fields in the fifteenth century to about 36% of them in the early twentieth century. Although rice as a single crop outweighed other crops, rice culture was more then counter-balanced by dry field crops as a whole, due to Korea's unique climate and geography. Thus what we have here in not a typical case of competition between rice culture and day field culture. Besides, the spread of rice culture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries accomplished by technological innovations that overcame severe springtime drought, rather than extensive irrigation. Althougt irrigarion facilities did proliferate to some extent, this was achieved by local landlords and peasants rather than the state. This fact contradicts the classical thesis that the productivity of rice culture increased through the state management of irrigation and that this in turn determined the type of society. (3) We should further study other aspects of the transition from the stable population and production struture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries to the rapid population growth and excessive density of population thereafter. We should note that there were continuing efforts to reclaim the land in order to solve the severe shortage of land. Changes also took place in the agricultural production relations. The increase in land producrivity developed tenancy based on rent in kind, and this in turn increased the independence of tenants from their landlords. There were changes in family relations-such as the shift to primogeniture as an effort to prevent progressive division of property among multiplying offspring. The rapid population growth also produced a great mass of propertyless farm laborers. These changes had much to do with the disintegration of traditional social institutions and political structure toward the end of the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty.