• 신재생에너지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.6-14
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• 2010

Pretreatment of cellulosic biomass is necessary before enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. Extrusion is a well established process in food industries and it can be used as a physicochemical treatment method for cellulosic biomass. Aqueous ammonia soaking treatment at mild temperatures ranging from 60 to $80^{\circ}C$ for longer reaction times has been used to preserve most of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the biomass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion treatment on aqueous ammonia soaking method. Extrusion was performed with miscanthus sample conditioned to 2mm of particle size and 20% of moisture content at $200^{\circ}C$ of barrel temperature and 175rpm of screw speed. And then aqueous ammonia soaking was performed with 15%(w/w) ammonia solution at $60^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 hours on the extruded and raw miscanthus samples respectively. In the combined extrusion-soaking treatment, most compositions removal occurred within 1~2 hours and on a basis of 1 hour soaking treatment values, cellulose was recovered about 85% and other compositions, including hemicellulose, are removed about 50% from extruded miscanthus sample. The combined extrusion-soaking treated and soaking only treated samples were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. The enzymatic digestibility value of combined extrusion-2 hours soaking treated sample was comparable to 12 hours soaking only treated sample. It means that extrusion treatment can shorten the conventional long reaction time of aqueous ammonia soaking. The findings suggest that the combination of extrusion and soaking is a promising pretreatment method to solve both problems for no lignin removal of extrusion and long reaction time of aqueous ammonia soaking.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.677-683
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• 2006

Glutinous rice cake(Chalduk) was made by varying the hours of soaking time of glutinous rice in the water(0, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours). After storage for various periods, the sensory and physical characteristics and the degree of gelatinization were examined in order to determine the effect of glutinous rice soaking period on the quality of Chalduk. The results of the study are summarized as follows. In the sensory test, 8-hour water soaking produced the significantly highest score for salty taste, while 0-hour water soaking had the lowest score. Four-hour water soaking had the significantly highest score for the degree of chewiness. Eight-hour water soaking had the significantly highest score for overall desirability. For the moisture content of Chalduk covered with bean flour, 8-hour water soaking produced the highest moisture content but the difference was not significant. For the degree of gelatinization, 8-hour water soaking had the highest maltose content, which confirmed the suitability of 8-hour water soaking glutinous rice. Eight-hour water soaking had the lowest hardness. With increasing storage period, the hardness sharply increased. Elasticity was higher for the long-period immersed samples than for the non-immersed samples. In conclusion, an 8-hour soaking time for glutinous rice in water was proposed to maximize the Chalduk quality.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 1995

The study is aimed to understand effects of ethephon(lmg/1), ABA(0.lrng/l), BA(0.lmg/l). and NAA (0.lmg /1) soaking treatment on the seed germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy', creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks', tall fescue 'Arid' and kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw'. These experiments are carried in vitro and their results are summarized as the followings ; In case of ethephon (lmg /1) soaking treatment of seed, the early germination of tall fescue 'Arid' and perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' was good without the soaking times. creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks' and kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' obtained the best results at 12 hr. soking treatment, and the longer the soaking time, the higher the germination percentage. The early germination percentage of tall fescue 'Arid' and perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' increased more highly at ABA(0. tmg /1) soaking treatment than at the control. The germination percent-age of creeping loentgrass 'Penlink' and kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' had respectively the best results at 6hr. and l2hr. soaking treatment. The early germination percentage of tall fescue 'Arid' and kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw'increased more highly at BA (0.lmg /1) soaking treatment than at the control, and especially had the best results in 6hr. soaking treatment. perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' had the best results at l0min. soaking treatment, and the longer the soaking time, the lesser the germination percentage. The early germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy'. creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks' and tall fes- cue 'Arid' increased more highly at NAA (0.lmg /1) soaking treatment than at the control, and especially had the best results at l2hr. soaking treatment. However, the germination of Kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' seeds inhibited at NAA (0.lmg /1) soaking treatment. Key words: Ethephon, ABA, BA, NAA, Soaking treatment, Seed germination.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 1990

두부의 응고제와 침지액을 달리하여 저장 중 침지액의 미생물상과 이화학적인 변화를 검토하였다. 두부는 HAc로 응고시키는 것이 $CaCl_2$보다 저장성 향성에 효과적이었고 $CaCl_2$로 제조한 두부는 $30^{\circ}C$에서 15-17시간만에 부패가 시작되어 세균수는 $10^7cells/ml$에 달하였다. 침지액은 0.1% HAc용액이 3% NaCl 용액이나 0.1% K-sorbate용액보다 두부저장에 효과적이었다. 침지액의 탁도는 두부가 부패함에 따라 비례적으로 증가하였으며 3% NaCl이나 0.1% K-sorbate 용액에 침지할 때 탁도의 증가는 심하였다. 두부의 부패가 진행될수록 침지액의 적정산도와 아미노태 질소량은 증가하였으며 pH는 1-2일 후에 증가하였다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 1995

This study is aimed to understand the effects of temperature, light and GA soaking treatment on the seed germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy', creeping hentgrass 'Penlinks', tall fescue 'Arid' and Kentucky hluegrass 'Nasaw'. These experiments are carried in vitro, and their results obtained are summarized as the followings ; The optimum temperature for seed germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' was found to he ranged at 20~30$^{\circ}C$, and the optimum temperature for germination of creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks', tall fescue 'Arid' and kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' seeds was found to be ranged at 20~25$^{\circ}C$, whereas the germination percentage under the below or above temperature of this range decreased. The germination of perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' and tall fescue 'Arid' seeds showed no effect on light, and while the germination percentage of creeping hentgrass 'Penlinks' increased more highly under the dark condition than under the light condition. The germination percentage decreased according to the higher temperature. The germination of Kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' seeds increased more highly under the dark condition than under the light condition at 20~25$^{\circ}C$, whereas the germination percentage under the dark condition at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$ decreased. In case of GA soaking treatment of seeds, all the cool season turfgrasses tested showed their own promoting effects on seed germination. The early germination of tall fescue 'Arid' was good without the soaking times. Creeping bentgrass 'Penlinks' and perennial ryegrass 'Dandy' had re-spectively the highest germination percentage at 10min and 1hr soaking treatment, and the longer the soaking time, the lesser the germination percentage. Kentucky bluegrass 'Nasaw' obtained the best results at 24has soaking treatment, and the longer the soaking time, the better the ger-mination percentage.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.582-589
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• 2020

This study was carried out to determine the optimum temperature of the jicama pickle solution by evaluating physicochemical and sensory characteristics at various temperatures. The soaking solution of the jicama pickle was prepared at different temperatures (95, 75, 50, and 25℃). During storage, the titratable acidity, Brix, and the salinity of the jicama pickles increased, and these values increased with increasing temperature of the soaking solution. The higher the temperature of the soaking solution, the lower the L and b values. In all samples, the hardness increased rapidly until the 5th day of storage, and then gradually decreased. During storage, the jicama pickles showed a high tendency to harden at soaking solution temperatures of 75 and 95℃. Sensory evaluation indicated that the taste, flavor, crispness, and overall preference of the jicama pickle were higher at a soaking solution temperature of 75℃ and above. The higher the temperature of the soaking solution, the higher the acceptability. Based on these results, we conclude that soaking solution temperature of 75°¦95℃ in the manufacture of jicama pickles had a positive effect on the reduction in tissue softening and the sensory properties of the jicama pickle.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.732-737
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• 2005

The combinational effect of gamma irradiation and moist heating on the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in soaked and dried soybeans was evaluated by measuring the inhibition using N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) as substrate. Gamma irradiation significantly decreased the TIA level in soybean at doses above 5 kGy, and the $ID_{50}$ (the gamma irradiation dose required to reach 50% inhibition) value for TIA was 13.53 kGy. Soaking prior to gamma irradiation significantly lowered the $ID_{50}$ to 8.44 kGy, and the soaking process enhanced the efficiency to inactivate TIA by as much as 48%. When soaking prior to gamma irradiation was followed by subsequent mild heating ($60^{\circ}C$) process, the $IT_{50}$ (heating time required to reach the 50% inhibition of TIA) value at even 1 kGy (5.28 min) was greatly reduced by over 50% compared to the level for the no-soaking process. In addition, the activation energy of soaking prior to gamma irradiation at 1 kGy was 2.45 kcal/mole, which was also about 50% lower than the 5.10 kcal/mole of dried soybean gamma-irradiated. Based on these results, soaking prior to gamma irradiation is an effective method for TIA inhibition. Furthermore, a combination of two or more processing methods such as soaking, heating and gamma irradiation is much more effective than any single processing method.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2001

To evaluate the effect of disinfectants for Alginate impression, several commercially available disinfectants were tested to Alginate model contaminated by Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Alginate specimens were artificially contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus and soaking in four commercially available disinfectants for 1, 5, 10 minutes and colonies were counted for each case. Significant reduction of bacterial colony counts was noted after soaking in 0.5% and 0.05% sodium hypochlorite and after soaking in 2% glutaraldehyde, but not after soaking in Hypochlorus add. Commercially available sodium hypochlorite and glutaraldehyde were found to be effective disinfectants for Alginate impression. But hypochlorus add was not adequate disinfectant.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.251-255
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• 2019

콩의 수화 공정에서 수화 온도에 따른 수분함량의 변화 및 단백질 용출을 분석하기 위하여 콩의 수화 특성 및 단백질 용출특성을 확인하였다. 수화 온도가 증가함에 따라 콩의 수화 속도는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 이러한 수화 특성이 Peleg 모델을 통해 분석되었다($R^2>991$). 초기수분함량으로부터 목표수분함량(130%)까지 수화시키기 위해 25, 35 그리고 $45^{\circ}C$ 수화에서 필요한 수화시간은 각각 12.6, 3.11, 그리고 2.31시간을 나타내어 수화 온도가 증가함에 따라 목표함량에 도달하기 위한 수화시간이 급격히 짧아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 수화공정에 따른 콩의 품질을 분석하기 위해 수화에 따른 단백질 용출량 또한 확인하였으며, 이 또한 Peleg 모델을 이용하여 분석하였다($R^2>0.941$). 단백질 용출 속도는 수화 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 수화 온도가 증가함에 따라 수화에 필요한 시간도 줄어들지만 그에 따른 단백질 용출량 또한 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 수분함량과 단백질 용출을 분석하기 위해 개발된 두 모델을 이용하여 목표수분함량까지 수화하였을 때의 콩의 단백질 용출량을 분석하였으며, 25, 35 그리고 $45^{\circ}C$에서 각각 35.2, 93.1 그리고 103.0 mg/g을 나타내어, $25^{\circ}C$의 수화온도에서 12.6시간의 수화시간이 콩의 품질을 고려한 최적 수화공정임을 확인하였다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2019

This study investigated the luring effect of the sardine bait, which is used to catch octopus with pot, as the preliminary study for the development of alternative bait for octopus pot. The soaking time for bait was divided into "5 days or less" and "11 days or longer" The number of times octopus entered the pot with bait and the empty pot was investigated under dark adaptation and light adaptation processes and the distribution of tank section was investigated under light adaptation process. The case of "11 days or longer" sardine soaking time showed higher rate of distribution in the section of pot with bait compared to the case of "5 days or less" In the case of "5 days or less" soaking time, the number of times the octopus entered the pot with bait was similar to that it entered the pot without it even during dark adaptation and light adaptation. However, in the case of "11 days or longer", the octopus entered the pot with bait more quickly than the pot without bait and more frequently during dark adaptation hours. There were cases where the octopus did not enter any pot. In the case of "5 days or less", with less decomposition of baits, the octopus entered the empty pot more during light adaptation process, and it appeared that the pot was used as a hideout.