• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.42-45
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• 2008

Under the non-operating exposure condition in the hot area, the T-50 cockpit temperature is expected over the requirement according to T-50 environmental criteria. So it is necessary to protect the cockpit from the high temperature condition during the non-operating exposure because the high temperature of the cockpit may result in the cockpit equipment malfunction. In this study, the transparency coating is selected as the method for protecting the cockpit from the high temperature exposure and analyzed the effect on the cockpit heat load attenuation. Some kinds of cockpit coating were reviewed and selected and the analysis was performed about the effect before and after coating application under 1% hot day condition based on the T-50 FSD hot soaking test data. The result of analysis show transparency coating is so effective to attenuate the heat load of T-50 cockpit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1364-1373
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum sodium concentration (0~8%), soaking time (4~20 min) and storage time (0~60 day) for preparation of persimmon jangachi with kochujang sauce using response surface methodology. Physicochemical properties (salinity, pH, Hunter's color value, cutting force, and sensory evaluation) of persimmon kochujang jangachi were analyzed during storage at $20^{\circ}C$ for 60 days. When the proximate composition of persimmon was analyzed, moisture content, crude protein content, crude lipid content, and crude ash content were 85.41%, 0.51%, 0.22%, and 0.20%, respectively. For persimmon kochujang jangachi manufactured with different sodium concentrations, soaking times, and storage times, salinity, pH, Hunter's color value of L, a, and b, color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall preference were represented by a quadratic model. Cutting force was represented by a linear model pattern. In conclusion, the optimal formulation for persimmon kochujang jangachi, as assessed by numerical and graphical optimization methods, was a sodium concentration of 6.91%, soaking time of 11.36 minutes, and storage time of 25.18 days.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.490-498
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• 2011

Two consecutive feeding trials investigated the effects of feeding rate and pellet expansion by water-soaking on the growth performance, blood components and histology of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The first two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of pellet expansion and feeding rate. In the first experiment, growth performance, feed utilization and survival of fish were not significantly affected by pellet expansion for six weeks. There were no significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose and total protein of fish fed the expanded pellet. However, whole-body lipid content of fish in the non-expanded group was significantly higher than that in the expanded group. Histological analysis of the anterior intestine revealed that fish in the expanded group had shorter and smaller mucous folds. These results indicate that pellet expansion had no beneficial effect in terms of growth performance, feed utilization and fish health. In the second experiment, weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly increased as feeding rate increased from 0 to 2.5% body weight per day (BW/d), but there were no significant differences in weight gain or feeding efficiency in fish fed the expanded pellet at ratios of 2.5% BW/d and satiation for three weeks. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity of fish fed the expanded pellet at a ratio of 2.5% was significantly lower than that of starved fish. Histological analysis of the anterior intestine revealed that fish in the 0% group had shorter mucous folds. Broken-line regression analysis suggested that the optimum juvenile olive flounder feeding rate was 3.5% BW/d during the low temperature season ($16-17^{\circ}C$).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2002

The Job's tear gruels were prepared by various mixing ratios, particle size and soaking times of Job's tear and rice flours, and the physical and sensory properties of these gruel samples were measured by using a Brabender visco-amylograph and sensory evaluation. Also, the changes in the pH and viscosity of the gruel samples stored for 14 days at 4$\^{C}$ were measured as the parameters of gruel quality. The results showed that the peak viscosity was decreased by increasing the ratio of Job's tear flours. The values of peak viscosity and consistency of rice and Job's tear flours increased as the particle size decreased. As the soaking time of rice and Job's tear flours increased, the initial pasting temperature decreased. In sensory characteristics, the nutty taste was increased as the Job's tear flour levels increased. Overall acceptability of Job's tear gruel was the highest in the one of rice and Job's tear flours at 50:50 ratio. During 14 days of storage, the pH and viscosity of Job's tear gruels were increased till the sixth day, and then decreased slightly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

To find out effective cultural methods of soybean sprouts, soaking time, irrigation number and culture temperature influencing on the soybean sprouts were investigated. The optimum soaking was the time which the soybean weight reached the double comparing the initial weight. The relationship between soaking time and temperature could be expressed as ${\hat{Y}}=-0.298x+14.463$(${\hat{Y}}$;time, x; temperature). The optimum number of irrigation was the four times per one day, observing the fresh weight of sprouts, length of axis, length of edible axis and length of roots. Considering only length of axis, optimum temperature was $25^{\circ}C$ but it was estimated to $21-22^{\circ}C$ minimizing the loss of dry weight and nitrogen.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.309-315
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• 2015

This study aimed to develop and validate an analytical method for ethyl carbamate (EC) in Maesilju. For accurate analysis of EC in Maesilju, an internal standard (d5-EC) and neutralization (pH=7) were performed. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3.65 ppb while the recovery rate ranged from 92.54% to 103.59%. Intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.87% to 1.99% and 2.67% to 5.64%, respectively. Maesilju samples comprised 10 homemade and five commercial ones. Samples contained EC at levels between 118.48 and 2,640.42 ppb. The average content of homemade Maesilju was higher than those of commercial ones. Based on manufacturers' labeling of commercial samples and information on homemade samples, various factors such as ingredients and soaking time of Maesil affected EC level in Maesilju. EC contents showed a positive correlation with age of Maesilju.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2003

Changes of physicochemical properties during the preparation of persimmon pickles were investigated. The salinity in persimmon pickles increased during storage time $(0{\sim}50\;days)$ with soy sauce and soy paste. When the fermented soy sauce and soy paste was added to the soaking solution with $80{\sim}100%$, the salinity increased more rapidly. The hardness of persimmon pickles with soy sauce and soy paste was slightly increased up to the 20 or 30th day of storage and then decreased. L value of persimmon pickles was gradually decreased, but a and b value were slightly increased. The concentration of soluble tannin in persimmon pickles was slightly decreased down to the 20th day of storage and then decreased rapidly. The activities of polygalacturonase and pectinesterase as softening enzyme in persimmon pickles with soy sauce and soy paste increased during storage time $(0{\sim}50\;days)$ and enzyme activity was inhibited by high concentration of soaking solution.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Poor fruit set during winter period is one of the biggest problem in plastic tunnel watermelon cultivation. Hand pollination is inevitable to maximize fruit set of the winter watermelon. Productivity and viability of pollen grain and organic solvents for pollen storage were investigated. All cultivars produced more than 10 mg/flower except for 'Kumchun' cultivar. Pollen amount per flower were 13.8 mg in 'Bok' and 12.1 mg in 'Speedkul'. Germination rate of pollen grains incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ right after soaking in pentane solvent were 76% in 'Kumchun' as the lowest and 92% in 'Apollokul' as the highest. The pollen of 'Bok' showed the highest germination rate by 75% after a 15-day storage in pentane. All cultivars showed their pollen germination rate below 25% after a 24-day storage. Among the cuitivars, speed of pollen tube growth in vitro were relatively lower in 'Kumchun' and 'Sambokkul' by below $50\;{\mu}m/hr$. Pollen tube of these cultivars tended to burst during its elongation on the medium. Pollen stored 24 hrs in organic solvents showed 45, 39, 34, 23, and 19% of germination in pentane, ethyl ether, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetone, respectively. Compared with light condition, pollen viability was higher in darkness during pollen storage in organic solvents. Pollen grain was susceptible to the organic solvent. The viability of pollen grains seems to be influenced greatly by duration of soaking pollen in organic solvent and the polarity of solvents. Organic solvent damages surface of pollen grain and extent of damage was varied by the solvents.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2010

A high sugar rice cultivar 'Danmi' which has been recently developed and released in the Functional Crop Resource Development Division, Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, has high glucose and sucrose contents but has a poor seed development. This defect poses some problem in ensuring stable seedling establishment in the nursery bed. We examined the germination and seedling emergence characteristics of 'Danmi' and determined an optimum seeding rate for seedling establishment. 'Danmi' seeds has a light 1,000-grain weight of 18.2g compared with Ilmibyeo's 26.7g. The 97.4% of 'Danmi' seeds has specific gravity below 1.0 while only 2.0% of seeds was fully developed with specific gravity above 1.12. However, the reverse is true in the Ilmibyeo seed used as a control cultivar. Although the seed germination of Danmi was 89-91% regardless of seed specific gravity but at a slower rate than Ilmibyeo regardless of water soaking temperatures of $20-30^{\circ}C$ because of high seed amount of specific gravity below 1.0 in 'Danmi'. It took 2～4 days longer of seed soaking in the Danmi seeds than Ilmibyeo before germination. 'Danmi' has low normal seedling emergence rate than Ilmibyeo in the seedbed soil due to high percentage of abnormal seedlings like stunting and incomplete growth. Normal seedling emergence rate of 'Danmi' in the seedbed was 62.6～64.9% for 10-day old seedling and 83.5～86.7% for 30-day old seedling which is lower by 29.6～30.0% and 11.3～12%, respectively than Ilmibyeo. Although 'Danmi' has low normal seedling emergence rate, but it has greater seed number per weight basis. Therefore, based on the normal seedling number per unit area of Ilmibyeo(control cultivar) for seedling rate of 10-day and 30-day old seedlings, the recommended seeding rate of 'Danmi' for transplanting rice is 220g seeds for 10-day old seedling and 130g for 30-day old seedling per nursery box, which is equivalent to 1.5 times seed volumes of Ilmibyeo.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2011

The effect of allelochemicals on growth, root nodule nitrogen fixation activity, and ion patterns of soybeans were investigated. We prepared 50 g/L (T50), 100 g/L (T100), and 200 g/L (T200) extract concentrations by soaking fresh red pine needles in a nutrient solution. Adding needles to the nutrient solution increased the content of total phenolic acids, osmolality, and total ions. The total phenolic content in the T50, T100, and T200 extracts were $206{\pm}12.61$, $335{\pm}24.16$, and $603{\pm}12.30$ mg gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $PO_4^{3-}$ content increased by adding needles to the nutrient solutions, whereas $SO_4^{2-}$ content decreased. The growth inhibition of soybeans was proportional to the needle extract concentrations, and the T100 and T200 concentrations resulted in remarkable growth inhibition. On day 20 after treatment, dry weight and nitrogen fixation activity of the root nodules were reduced by the T100 and T200 treatments, whereas the T50 treatment was not difference from the control. After day 10, total ion content in all treatment groups was not different in comparison with the control. However, total ionic content in all treatment groups decreased significantly compared with that in the control after day 20. The lowest total ion value was found for the T200 concentration. The T200 treatment also resulted in significantly reduced $SO_4^{2-}$ content. The amounts of $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ were higher than those of the control for the T50 treatment on day 10 and for T100 on day 20 after treatment. A significant increase in osmolality was observed in the T200 treatment on day 10 and in the T100 treatment on day 20. These results suggest that under severe allelochemical stress conditions, a remarkable reduction in nodule formation, nitrogen fixation activity, and ion uptake eventually resulted in a decrease in leaf production. Furthermore, increased $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and osmolality in soybeans exposed to lower concentrations of allelochemicals than the critical stress level helped overcome the stress.