• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.304-310
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• 2009

Recently, manganese nodule has been focused on alternative resources because of its high grade of noble metallic elements such as Co, Ni, and Cu etc. From the viewpoint of an optimization the operating variables for energy efficiency of smelting reduction process, thermodynamic model for smelting reduction process of Manganese nodule was developed by using energy and material balance concept. This model provided that specific consumption of pure oxygen and coke was strongly depended on post combustion ratio (PCR) and heat transfer efficiency (HTE). The dressing and dehydrating process of low grade manganese can be proposed an essential process to minimize the specific energy consumption with decreasing slag volume. The effect of electricity coal base smelting reduction process was also discussed from the energy optimizing point of view.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

LD제강슬래그에 함유된 바나디움 회수를 위한 기초실험 결과로써 용융환원시 염기도 최적 염기도 및 환원효율의 증가를 위하여 $SiO_2$, MgO, $Al_2$$O_3$을 첨가하였다. 이에 따라 염기도 1, 2에서 $Al_2$$O_3$의 첨가에 따라 바나디움의 환원율이 증가함이 확인되었다.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2004년도 학술논문집
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• pp.278-284
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• 2004

전해환원공정에서 발생하는 금속전환체와 용융염을 각각 smelting하고 고화시키는 공정을 개발하였다. 진공조건에서 다단계 가열에 의하여 마그네시아 용기에 담긴 금속전환체를 잔류 용융염과 분리하고 용융시켜 금속 잉곳을 제조하는 운전방법을 제시하는 한편, 금속전환체의 분석을 수행하였다. 전해환원 공정에서 감압이송된 용융염의 경우에는 이송과 계량에 적합하게 이중 용기와 염밸브를 사용하여 일정 형상과 크기로 고화하는 신개념을 도출하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 한국원자력연구소 Advanced Spent Fuel Conditioning Process의 hot cell 실증시스템 설계에 적용되었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2010

To provide necessary information for future environmental monitoring of smelting and litharge making industries in Korea, environmental monitoring dataset of air lead concentration of 4 lead industries(1 primary smelting, 2 secondary smelting and 1 litharge making industry) were analyzed from 1994 to 2007. Data were compared using geometric mean and standard deviation with minimum and maximum values according to year of measurement, type of lead industries and type of operation of lead industries. The geometric mean and standard deviation of air concentration for a total of 1140 samples in all lead industries for overall 14 years were 70.7${\mu}g/m^3$ and 5.51 with minimum of 1${\mu}g/m^3$ and maximum of 9,185 ${\mu}g/m^3$. The overall geometric means of air concentration were above the permissible exposure levels(PEL) until year of 2001 and thereafter they were remained at the level of half of PEL. The geometric means of primary smelting, secondary smelting and litharge making industry for overall 14 years were 21.7${\mu}g/m^3$(number of samples: 353), 82.5${\mu}g/m^3$(number of samples: 357) and 164.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$(number of samples: 430) respectively. In primary smelting industry, the highest geometric mean air concentration was 35.4 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in the secondary smelting operation; followed by casting operation (24.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$) and melting operation (14.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$), respectively. On the other hand, in secondary smelting industries, the highest geometric mean air concentration was 125.4${\mu}g/m^3$ in melting operation; followed by casting operation (90.5${\mu}g/m^3$) and pre-treatment operation (43.4${\mu}g/m^3$), respectively. However, in litharge making industries, there were no significant differences of geometric mean air concentrations between litharge operation and stabilizer operation. The proportion of over PEL (50${\mu}g/m^3$) was highest in litharge industry and followed by secondary smelting industries. However The proportions of over PEL(${\mu}g./m^3.$) were decreased by the years of environmental monitoring. The significant reduction of mean air lead concentration since year of 2000 was observed due to more active environmental engineering control and new introduction of new operation in manufacturing process, but may be also influenced by non-engineering method such as reduction of operation hours or reduction of exposure time during actual environmental measurement by industrial hygienist according to more strict enforcement of occupational and safety law by the government.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2021

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is the fourth most abundant structural metal after aluminum, iron, and magnesium. It exhibits a higher specific strength than steel along with an excellent corrosion resistance, highlighting the promising potential of titanium as a structural metal. However, titanium is difficult to extract from its ore and is classified as a rare metal, despite its abundance. Therefore, the production of titanium is exceedingly low compared to that of common metals. Titanium is conventionally produced as a sponge by the Kroll process. For powder metallurgy (PM), hydrogenation-dehydrogenation (HDH) of the titanium sponge or gas atomization of the titanium bulk is required. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on smelting, which replaces the Kroll process and produces powder that can be used directly for PM. In this review, the Kroll process and new smelting technologies of titanium for PM, such as metallothermic, electrolytic, and hydrogen reduction of TiCl₄ and TiO₂ are discussed.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.700-716
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• 2010

이 논문에서는 탈(脫)추격형 기술혁신의 사례로 1990~2007년에 포스코가 용융환원법을 개발한 과정과 그 특정에 대해 분석하였다. 포스코는 차세대 혁신철강기술의 일환으로 용융환원법에 주목했으며, 푀스트와의 협력을 바탕으로 코렉스 공법을 상용화하는 데 성공하였다. 더 나아가 포스코는 분광석을 원료로 사용할 수 있는 파이넥스 공법을 개발하는 작업을 전개했으며, 그것은 모델 플랜트, 파일럿 플랜트, 데모 플랜트, 상용화 설비의 단계를 거쳤다. 포스코는 파이넥스 공법과 관련된 모든 영역의 기술을 개발 혹은 확보하는 데 성공함으로써 기존의 빠른 추종자를 넘어 기술혁신 선도자로 부상하고 있다. 포스코의 용융환원법 개발과정은 적절한 기술선택, 점진적 규모 확대, 나선형 기술개발방식, 상호보완적 기술협력, 과감한 연구개발투자, 중량급 프로젝트 매니저의 존재, 초기 단계의 정부 지원 등과 같은 특성을 보였다. 이러한 포스코의 용융환원법 사례는 기술패러다임 전환기에 이루어진 경로실현형 기술혁신(path-revealing innovation) 에 해당한다.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.349-355
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• 2020

Copper slag differs by chemical composition and structure, depending on the type of processing. Copper slag typically contains about 1 wt.% copper and 40 wt.% iron depending upon the initial ore quality and type of furnace used. The aim is to produce a typical foundry pig iron with the chemical composition of C > 3.40 wt.%, Si 1.40 to 1.80 wt.%, Mn 0.30 to 0.90 wt.%, P < 0.03 wt.% and S < 0.03 wt.% from copper slag. But foundry pig iron manufactured from copper slag contains a high sulphur content. Therefore, this study examines how to conduct desulphurization. Desulphurization roasting and reduction smelting with desulphurization additives used to remove sulphur from the copper slag. The results showed that desulphurization effect of desulphurization roasting is poor but when combined with reduction smelting with CaO addition is possible to manufacture low sulphur pig iron from copper smelting slag.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2022

실리콘은 지각에서 가장 풍부한 금속 원소이다. 금속급 실리콘(MG-Si)은 제강공정의 탈산제, 알루미늄 산업에서 합금 원소, 유기실레인 제조, 태양전지 등의 전자산업에 사용되는 전자급 실리콘 생산 등 산업적으로 널리 응용되는 중요한 금속이다. MG-Si는 전기 아크로에서 석탄, 코크스 또는 목재 칩의 형태인 탄소와 함께 이산화규소를 용융환원하여 만들어진다. MG-Si는 Siemens 공정과 같은 화학 처리를 통해 정제되며, 대부분의 단결정 실리콘은 쵸크랄스키 방식으로 만들고 있다. 이러한 제련 및 정제 방법은 2차 실리콘 자원으로부터 새로운 재활용 공정을 개발하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1996

The computer simulation model was established to verify the applicability of smelting reduction concept to treatment of industrial wastes which becomes issue on the enviromental and recycling view point. Computer simulation model provides as following results. The increase of post combustion ratio(PCR) and heat transfer efficiency of PC energy(HTE) is effective ways to save energy. But, in order to increase PCR, recovery efficiency of post combustion energy(HTE) have to be higher than 85% HTE considering refractory life and saving energy together. Coke is most useful fuel source because it shows lowest dependence of PCR and low hydrogen content. The quality of hot metal of current process would be expected to the similar level with that of blast furnace. The utilization of scrap and Al dross can be also possible to maximize the advantages of current process which is high temperature and chemical dilution with hot metal and slag. In case of scrap, energy consumption was slightly increases because of heating up energy of scrap. Consquently, current process concept provides the possibility of intergrating recycles of industrial wastes materials such as EAF slag, coke oven dust, life terminated acidic refractory, aluminium dross and scrap by smelting reduction process.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2016

타이타늄은 지각 구성원소 중 아홉 번째로 풍부한 원소이다. 또한 구조용 금속으로서는 알루미늄, 철, 마그네슘에 이어서 네 번째로 풍부한 원소이다. 일반적으로 이러한 타이타늄은 Kroll법에 의해 만들어지고 있다. 최근 전 세계의 많은 연구자들에 의해서 새로운 타이타늄 제련법이 개발되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 상업화 되었거나 개발 중인 신 제련 프로세스를 $TiCl_4$의 금속 열환원법, $TiO_2$ 등의 전해환원법, 그리고 수소를 이용한 환원법으로 분류하였다. 이러한 새로운 제련 프로세스의 환원기구와 현황에 대하여 종합하고 상업화 가능성의 관점에서 정리하였다.