• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.592-598
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• 2013

In this paper, a small, lightweight smartphone-controlled riding robot is developed. Also, in this study, a smartphone with a jog shuttle mode for consideration of user convenience is proposed to make a small, lightweight riding robot. As well, a compass sensor is used to compensate for the mechanical characteristics of motors mounted on the riding robot. The riding robot is controlled by the interface of a drag-based jog shuttle in the smartphone, instead of a mechanical controller. For a personal riding robot, if the smartphone is used as a controller instead of a handle or a pole, it reduces its size, weight, and cost to a great extent. Thus, the riding robot can be used in indoor spaces such as offices for moving or a train or bus station and an airport for scouting, or hospital for disabilities. Experimental results show that the riding robot is easily and conveniently controlled by the proposed smartphone interface based on Android.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.129-137
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• 2013

Increasingly important UI(user interface) on the digital media era, and increasing awareness about the user experience. In this study, by considering these realities, what impact smartphone UI experience, this product attitudes and purchase intentions you want to check. First, the findings of the smartphone UI experience influence on product attitudes of the smartphone was confirmed. Second, the smartphone's UI experience was confirmed also in the purchase of smartphones that partially affects. Finally, attitudes were identified as affecting the purchase of products for smartphones. The results of this study, the strategies suggest the need for consideration of future marketing strategy for smart phones smartphone's UI experience. Especially valuable experience for the smartphone-focused marketing strategy, such as the administration of post-A/S system, ie, around experience than are necessary. Finally, in order to improve the consumer's purchase decision more than anything that can enhance the positive attitude of consumers for its products marketing strategies are necessary.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

Nowadays, smartphones have become a portable multimedia computer because of a variety of useful applications in our daily lives, which can be downloaded and installed easily in smartphones. Despite of the fact that, however in the IS literature there has been little research on smartphone applications' user interface design. Specifically, there has been little understanding about smartphone users' cognitive functions as a mediating variable in the relationship between the user interface design of smartphone applications and users' work performance with the applications. Thus, the research aims of this study are to examine 1) the effects of the user interface design attributes including simplicity, consistency, and metaphor on the compliance with or the extension of users' mental models representing users' cognitive functions, and 2) the effects of the users' cognitive functions on their work performance with the applications. A survey was conducted and Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was employed to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that two of the user interface design attributes, simplicity and consistency, strongly affected users' cognitive functions. In addition, users' cognitive functions significantly influenced users' work performance. However, there was no relationship between the metaphors in the user interfaces of smartphone applications and the compliance with users' mental model. This study contributed theoretically not only to explore users' mental models that are rarely investigated in the IS field, but also to add some findings related to users' cognitive functions to the IS literature. This study also can help practitioners to develop more user friendly user interfaces of smartphone applications by suggesting the design attributes, such as simplicity, consistency, and metaphor.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.361-369
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• 2011

As smartphones came into wide use recently, it has become increasingly popular not only among young people, but middle-aged people as well. Most smartphones use capacitive full touch screen, so touch commands are made by fingers unlike the PDAs in the past that use touch pens. In this case, a significant portion of the smartphone's screen is blocked by the finger so it is impossible to see the screens around the finger touching the screen, and difficulty occurs in precise control used for small buttons such as qwerty keyboard. To solve this problem, this research proposes a method of using simple AR markers to improve the interface of smartphones. Sticker-form marker is attached to fingernails and placed in front of the smartphone camera Then, the camera image of the marker is analyzed to determine the orientation of the marker to perceive as onRelease() or onPress() of the mouse depending on the marker's angle of rotation, and use its position as the position of the mouse cursor. This method can enable click, double-click, drag-and-drop used in PCs as well as touch, slide, long-touch-input in smartphones. Through this research, smartphone inputs can be made more precise and simple, and show the possibility of the application of a new concept of smartphone interface.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.834-848
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• 2013

To effectively use these functions many kinds of human-phone interface are used such as touch, voice, and gesture. However, the most important touch interface cannot be used in case of hand disabled person or busy both hands. Although eye tracking is a superb human-computer interface method, it has not been applied to smartphones because of the small screen size, the frequently changing geometric position between the user's face and phone screen, and the low resolution of the frontal cameras. In this paper, a new eye tracking method is proposed to act as a smartphone user interface. To maximize eye image resolution, a zoom lens and three infrared LEDs are adopted. Our proposed method has following novelties. Firstly, appropriate camera specification and image resolution are analyzed in order to smartphone based gaze tracking method. Secondly, facial movement is allowable in case of one eye region is included in image. Thirdly, the proposed method can be operated in case of both landscape and portrait screen modes. Fourthly, only two LED reflective positions are used in order to calculate gaze position on the basis of 2D geometric relation between reflective rectangle and screen. Fifthly, a prototype mock-up design module is made in order to confirm feasibility for applying to actual smart-phone. Experimental results showed that the gaze estimation error was about 31 pixels at a screen resolution of $480{\times}800$ and the average hit ratio of a $5{\times}4$ icon grid was 94.6%.

• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2014

As smartphones came into wide use recently, it has become increasingly popular not only among young people, but among middle-aged people as well. Most smartphones adopt capacitive full touch screen, so touch commands are made by fingers unlike the PDAs in the past that use touch pens. In this case, a significant portion of the smartphone's screen is blocked by the finger so it is impossible to see the screens around the finger touching the screen; this causes difficulties in making precise inputs. To solve this problem, this research proposes a method of using simple AR markers to improve the interface of smartphones. A marker is placed in front of the smartphone camera. Then, the camera image of the marker is analyzed to determine the position of the marker as the position of the mouse cursor. This method can enable click, double-click, drag-and-drop used in PCs as well as touch, slide, long-touch-input in smartphones. Through this research, smartphone inputs can be made more precise and simple, and show the possibility of the application of a new concept of smartphone interface.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Purpose: To develop educational material about nutrition during antepartum period for women pregnant with twins by using smartphone applications. Methods: A series of steps according to ADDIE model, including Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation were used to develop smartphone application of antepartum nutrition care for women pregnant with twins. Results: Based on experts' evaluation, the average score was $4.6{\pm}0.39$ in total. Content score was $4.7{\pm}0.40$. Interface design score was $4.5{\pm}0.55$. Content score was higher than interface design score. User evaluation was conducted in the form of interview. Results of interviews revealed that users generally responded positively to the accuracy, understanding, and objectivity for content items of the smartphone app. As for the evaluation of consistency for the evaluation item of interface design, users answered "ordinary" or "generally yes". For design suitability and accuracy of vocabulary, they answered 'generally suitable'. Conclusion: The smartphone app developed through this study is expected to aid antepartum care for women pregnant with twins. It will also contribute to health promotion of both pregnant women and twin fetus.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.30-37
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• 2021

Touch sensor interface has become the most useful input device in a smartphone. Unlike keypad/keyboard interfaces used in electronic dictionaries and feature phones, smartphone's touch interfaces allow for the recognition of various gestures that represent distinct features of each application's input. In this paper, we analyze application-specific input patterns that appear in smartphone's touch interfaces. Specifically, we capture touch input patterns from various Android applications, and analyze them. Based on this analysis, we observe a certain unique characteristics of application's touch input patterns. This can be utilized in various useful areas like user authentications, prevention of executing application by illegal users, or digital forensic based on logged touch patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2015

In the paper, a smartphone-controlled personal mobility system(PMS) based on a compass sensor is developed. The use of a magnetic compass sensor makes the PMS move according to the heading direction of a smartphone controlled by a rider. The proposed smartphone-controlled PMS allows more intuitive interface than PMS controlled by pushing a button. As well, the magnetic compass sensor makes a role in compensating for the mechanical characteristics of motors mounted on the PMS. For adequate control of the robot, two methods: absolute and relative direction methods based on the magnetic compass sensor and wireless communication are presented. Experimental results show that the PMS is conveniently and effectively controlled by the proposed two methods.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.255-279
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• 2014

It is not too much to say that smartphones have become an essential part of our lives due to their versatility. Nevertheless, they still have less overall capabilities than their desktop counterparts. Specifically, they have small screens and low resolutions, which make their applications difficult to have a usable interface. To account for these limitations, the interface of smartphone applications should be designed carefully and properly. Good interface design to any application is critical. However, a comprehensive information systems (IS) literature review found that there has been little research on the user interface design of smartphone applications. More specifically, there has been little empirical evidence and understanding about how metaphors, an imaginative way of describing objects and concepts, in the user interface of smartphone applications affect users' intention to use the applications. Thereby, the research goals of this study are to examine 1) the effects of the metaphors in the user interface of smartphone applications on the interaction between users and applications and 2) the effects of mediating variables including the interaction between users and applications, users' beliefs and attitudes, on users' intention to use the applications. A survey was conducted to collect data. University students and practitioners participated in the survey. A 24-item questionnaire was developed on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The measurement items were mostly adapted from the previous studies in the IS literature and modified to fit the context of this study. First, a principal component factor analysis was performed to explore the inter-relationships among a set of variables. The analysis showed that most of the items loaded quite strongly on the six components. The analysis also revealed the six components with eigenvalues exceeding 1, explaining a total of 70.7 per cent of the variance. The reliabilities of the items were also checked. Most Cronbach alpha values were above 0.8, so the scales were considered reliable. In sum, the results of the analysis support the decision to retain the six factors for further investigation. Next, the structural model was analyzed with AMOS structural equation modeling. The values of GFI, AGFI, NFI, TLI, CFI, and RMSEA were checked. The values showed that the research model considerably have a good fit in general. Next, the convergent and discriminant validities of all constructs were examined. The values for the standardized regression weights and critical ration (CR) indicated sufficient convergent validity for all constructs. In addition, the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) of each construct was compared with its correlations with all other constructs. The results supported discriminant validity for all constructs. In sum, the results of analysis demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validities for all constructs. Finally, path coefficients between the variables were examined. Methphor was found to have an impact on interaction (${\beta}$ = .457, p = .000). There were also significant effects of the interaction on perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .273, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .405, p = .000). User attitude was significantly influenced by these two beliefs, perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .386, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .347, p = .000) respectively. Further, the results of analysis found that users' intention to use smartphone applications was significantly influenced by user attitude (${\beta}$ = .567, p = .000). Based upon the analyses, all hypotheses were supported. This study found that the metaphors used in the interface of smartphone applications affect not only the interaction between users and applications, but also users' intention to use the applications through the mediating variables, perceived usefulness and ease of use. These findings imply that if the metaphors used in the user interface of application are easy enough to understand for smartphone users, then the application can be perceived useful and easy to use, which in turn make users to have an intention to use the application. In conclusion, this study contributed not only to validate and extend Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) partially, but also to develop the construct of metaphor in smartphone settings. However, since a single empirical study cannot be enough to validate the findings, some limitations should be considered.