• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.109-120
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• 1997

공용하중 상태에서 지반이 경험하는 변형률 크기는 0.1~1% 미만임이 밝혀지고 있다. 변형특성을 보다 엄밀히 평가하기 위하여는 미소변형률 영역에서의 신뢰성 있는 변형측정이 가능한 현장시험기기의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 공내째하시험기(PMT)를 사용하여 지반의 미소변형률 전단탄성계수를 측정하는 것이다. 공내재하시험에서 시추공 설치에 따른 주위 지반의 교란효과를 제거하기 위하여 초기 하중재하단계가 아닌 역재하-재재하 단계에서 PMT 주위지 반의 응력상태 및 변형률 크기를 고려하여 미소변형률 잔단탄성계수를 결정하였다. 실내 토조에서 성형한 모래시료와 화강풍화토 현장지반에서 시험을 수행하였으며,시험결과로부터 본 연구 에서 사용한 PMT시험은 변형률 크기 10-2%~0.5% 범위에서 신뢰성 있는 전단탄성계수 측정이 가능하였다. 또한 변형률 크기를 고려하여 다른 실내외시험에서 결정된 전단탄성계수와 비교 하면 서로 잘일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.345-352
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• 2000

It is very important to evaluate the reliable nonlinear modulus characteristics of soils not only in the analysis of geotechnical structures under working stress conditions but also for the soil dynamic problems. For the evaluation of modulus characteristics of soils, various tests have been mostly employed in laboratory. However, different testing techniques are likely to have different ranges of reliable strain measurements, different applied stress level, and different loading frequencies, and the modulus of soils can be affected by these variables. For reliable evaluation, therefore, those effects on the modulus need to be considered, and measured values should be effectively adjusted to actual conditions where the soil is working. In this paper, to evaluate the modulus characteristics of soils, laboratory testing such as free-free resonant column (FF-RC), resonant column (RC), torsional shear (TS), static TX, and cyclic M/sub R/ tests were performed. The effects of strain amplitude, loading frequency, loading cycles, confining pressure, density, and water content on modulus were investigated. It is shown that the FF-RC test, which is simple and inexpensive testing technique, can provide a reliable estimation of small strain Young's modulus (E/sub max/), and the modulus evaluated by various laboratory tests are comparable to each other fairly well when the effects of these factors are properly taken into account.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2005

공용하중 상태에서 지반이 경험하는 변형률 크기는 0.1%~1% 미만임이 밝혀지고 있다. 변형특성보다 엄밀히 평가하기 위하여는 미소변형률 영역에서의 신뢰성 있는 변형측정을 위해 현장시험장비가 필요한 실정이다. 콘과 공내재하시험기를 혼합한 Cone-pressuremeter test(CPM)을 서해안 연약 해성점토층에 수행하였다. 반교란효과를 최소화시키기 위해 제하-재하 Loop를 이용하여 탄성계수를 측정하였으며 공동확장이론의 공내 재하시험 이론식을 이용하여 지반교란이 최소화된 제하단계에 대한 Curve Fitting 방법으로부터 지반의 비배수 강도와 탄성계수를 측정하였다. 측정된 탄성계수, 비배수 강도의 비를 평가해본 결과 $E_u/S_u$가 589로 다른 삼축시험 등 실내시험보다 크게 평가되어 미소변형하의 탄성계수를 신뢰성 있게 산정할 수 있는 것으로 평가되어 수치해석을 통한 지반물성치 산정에 매우 효과적으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.148-151
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• 2004

Mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and hardness of thin film in coated steel are difficult to determine by nano-indentation from the conventional analysis using the load-displacement curve. Therefore, an analysis of the nano-indentation loading curve was used to determine the Young's modulus, hardness and strain hardening exponent. A new method is recently being developed for plasticity properties of materials from nano-indentation. Elastic modulus of the thin films shows relatively small influence whereas yield strength and strain hardening are found to have significant effect on measured data. The load-displacement behavior of material tested with a Berkovich indenter and nano-indentation continuous stiffness method is used to measure the modulus and hardness through thin films.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.185-199
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• 2009

Using a strain-controlled rheometer [Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES)], the steady shear flow properties and the dynamic viscoelastic properties of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion have been measured at $20^{\circ}C$ (storage temperature) and $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature). In this article, the temperature dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was firstly reported from the experimental data obtained from a temperature-sweep test. The steady shear flow behavior was secondly reported and then the effect of shear rate on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. The angular frequency dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was nextly explained and quantitatively predicted using a fractional derivative model. Finally, the strain amplitude dependence of the dynamic viscoelastic behavior was discussed in full to elucidate a nonlinear rheological behavior in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The linear viscoelastic behavior is almostly independent of temperature over a temperature range of $15{\sim}40^{circ}C$. (2) The steady shear viscosity is sharply decreased as an increase in shear rate, demonstrating a pronounced Non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior. (3) The shear stress tends to approach a limiting constant value as a decrease in shear rate, exhibiting an existence of a yield stress. (4) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have an equivalent validity to quantitatively describe the steady shear flow behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (5) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus is always greater than the loss modulus over an entire range of angular frequencies tested and both moduli show a slight dependence on angular frequency. This means that the linear viscoelastic behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous feature and that a gel-like structure is present in this system. (6) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus shows a nonlinear strain-thinning behavior at strain amplitude range larger than 10 % while the loss modulus exhibits a weak strain-overshoot behavior up to a strain amplitude of 50 % beyond which followed by a decrease in loss modulus with an increase in strain amplitude. (7) At sufficiently large strain amplitude range (${\gamma}_0$>100 %), the loss modulus is found to be greater than the storage modulus, indicating that a viscous property becomes superior to an elastic character in large shear deformations.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.331-340
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• 2009

This study evaluates the relationship between cone tip resistance ($q_c$) and small-strain shear modulus ($G_{max}$) of cemented sand. For this purpose, a series of miniature cone penetration and bender element tests are performed in calibration chamber specimens with various gypsum contents. Experimental results show that both $q_c$ and $G_{max}$ of sand increase with increasing cementation level as well as relative density and vertical confining stress. However, the relative density and vertical confining stress has more significant influence on $G_{max}$ and $q_c$ of uncemented sand than those of cemented sand. It is observed that the $G_{max}/q_c$ ratio of cemented sand decreases with increasing relative density. This result means that state variables have more affect on $q_c$ than $G_{max}$ of cemented sand. Test results also show that the effect of vertical stress on $G_{max}-q_c$ relation is reduced by cementation effect.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Using a Rheometries Dynamic Analyzer (RDA II), the dynamic viscoelastic properties of a semi-solid ointment base (vaseline) in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields were measured over a temperature range of $25{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ and the linear viscoelastic behavior in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields was investigated over a wide range of angular frequencies. In this article, the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior was reported from the experimentally obtained data and the effect of temperature on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, the angular frequency and temperature dependencies of a linear viscoelastic behavior were explained. Finally, the applicability of a time-temperature superposition principle originally developed for polymeric materials was examined using a shift factor. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) At very small strain amplitude region, vaseline shows a linear viscoelastic behavior independent of the imposed deformation magnitudes. Above a critical strain amplitude $({\gamma}_{0}=0.1{\sim}0.2%)$, however, vaseline exhibits a nonlinear viscoelastic behavior ; indicating that both the storage modulus and dynamic viscosity are sharply decreased with increasing deformation magnitude. (2) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, an elastic behavior (storage modulus) has a stronger strain amplitude dependence and begins to show a nonlinear behavior at a smaller strain amplitude region than does a viscous behavior (dynamic viscosity). (3) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus as well as the loss modulus are continuously increased as an increase in angular frequency and an elastic nature is always superior to a viscous behavior over a wide range of angular frequencies. (4) A time-temperature superposition principle can successfully be applicable to vaseline. This finding allows us to estimate the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of vaseline over an extraordinarily extended range (11 decades) of angular frequencies inaccessible from the experimentally measured range (4 decades).

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.113-126
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• 1995

점성토의 변형특성을 연구하기 위하여 공진주(RC)시험과 비틀전단(75)시험을 저변형률 및 중간 변형률하에서 실시하여 변형률의 크기,진동주파수,하중반복회수의 영향을 살펴보았다. 소 성지수가 이들의 영향을 평가하는데 중요한 변수임을 알 수 있었다. 실험에 사용된 시료로는 불 교란 실트 및 점토와 실험실에서 다져진 노상토를 사용하였다. 선형한계변형률이하에서 전단탄 성계수는 하중반복회수와 변형률의 크기에 영향을 받지 않았으며, RC시험에서 얻은 최소감소비가 1.1%에서 1.7%영역에서 존재하였다. 점성토의 선형한계변형률은 구속압과 소성지수에 따라 증가하였으며 사질토와 비교하여 넘은 선형영역을 보였다. 반복한계변형률이상의 변형률하에서는 전단탄성계수는 하중반복회수에 따라 감소하였지만 감쇠비는 영향을 받지 않았다. 진동주파수의 영향에 의해 RC시험에서 얻은 점성토의 전단탄성계수와 감쇠비는 RC시험결과보다 컸다. 전단탄성계수는 진동주파수의 대수증가에 따라 선형적으로 증가하였고 감쇠비의 경우 2Hz이하의 저주파수영역에서는 영향을 받지 않았다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2024

Unlike artificially created homogeneous materials, the process of calculating the elastic modulus of natural soil involves the possibility of errors. Because the stress-strain behavior of soil is nonlinear, the secant modulus of elasticity is often used based on 1/2 of the stress at failure. Since soil has the property of changing its elastic modulus depending on the confining pressure, numerical analysis models that analyze its behavior inevitably include complex elements. The hyperbolic model, which relatively accurately simulates the behavior immediately after loading in soft ground, assumes that the stress-strain curve of the consolidated undrained triaxial test is hyperbolic and requires the slope of the tangent line at the starting point. However, the slope of the initial tangent in the stress-strain curve obtained from an actual triaxial test is difficult to have regularity according to changes in confining pressure. Additionally, due to the characteristics of a hyperbola, even small changes in related factors cause large changes in the hyperbola. Therefore, there is a lot of randomness in the process of calculating model parameters from the triaxial test results, which causes large differences in the results. Therefore, the method of calculating the initial elastic modulus by the consolidation test presented in this study is also used to verify the method by the triaxial test. It can be applied. However, since this study was applied to only one sample showing typical consolidation characteristics, it is necessary to check samples with various physical properties in the future.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.33-46
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• 1998

공중낙하법에 의해 만든 등방압밀 모래공시 체를 미소변형률 측정장치를 사용한 평면변형률압축 시험을 실시하여 미소변형률에서 파괴 후까지의 강성률에 대한 이방성을 연구하였다. 세계 각국의 주요 연구기관에서 사용되고 있는 7종류의 연구용 표준사 공시체를 멤브레인의 관입에 의한 오차와 변위를 외부에서 측정함으로 하여 생기는 오차(bedding error) 등의 영향을 제거하여 측정한 최대주응력방향의 변형률과 최소주응력방향의 변형률을 각각 0.0001%에서 10%까지 넓은 범위에 걸친 응력-변형률 관계를 얻었다. 그 결과 최대 영률 $E_{max}$은 퇴적면과 최대주응력 $\delta_1$이 이루는 각도에 관계없이 일정하였다. 그러나, 정규화한$E_{max}$은 모래의 종류에 따라 달랐다. 또, 강성률의 변형률 수준과 응력 수준에 대한 의존성은 $\delta$가 감소함에 따라 증가하였다.