• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.180-190
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess several indices of diet quality based on nutrient, food and food group intake of Korean adolescents based on several indices on diet quality according to residence area and body size. Using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of a total of 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) , index of nutritional quality (INQ) , the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) . In doing that, it was attempted to apply only the minimum amount of solid foods of Kant's without inclusion of liquid foods because of the very limited variety in Korean foods. Based on weight length index, 13.1% of the subjects were categorized as obese, 14.2%, overweight, 44.4%, normal and 28.3%, underweight. Only vitamin B2 intake was higher in the obese group than in the underweight group. There was no meaningful difference in energy, protein and fat intakes according to the grade of the body size. In terms of residence area, intake of fat, niacin, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid were lower in the rural areas than in the metropolitan city. Only vitamin E intake was higher in the rural areas. Mean value of NARs (MAR) and INQs (mINQ) was also higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference of these two values according to body size of the subjects. Mean DVS was 21.02 for total subjects, and has no difference between male and female and between metropolitan city and other medium-small city. But, the rural areas showed the lowest DVS of 19.05. Mean DDS in which five is a maximum score was 3.3 with no significant difference by sex and by residence area in male subjects. However, in female subjects, DDS in the rural areas was the lowest. According to body size of the subjects, there was no meaningful difference in both scores of DVS and DDS. In conclusion, most indices of nutrient intake and food and food group intake were not significantly different by body size of the subjects, while most indices were significantly different by residence areas: higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural area.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.6
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• pp.783-796
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• 1997

The relaxation induced by stimulation of the inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (iNANC) nerve is mediated by the release of iNANC neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The mechanisms of NO, VIP or ATP-induced relaxation have been partly determined in previous studies, but the detailed mechanism remains unknown. We tried to identify the nature of iNANC neurotransmitters in the smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum and to determine the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide. We measured the effect of NO-donors VIP and ATP on the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration$([Ca^{2+}]_i)$, by means of a fluorescence dye(fura 2) and tension simultaneously in the isolated guinea pig ileal smooth muscle. Following are the results obtained. 1. Sodium nitroprusside $(SNP:10^{-5}\;M)$ or S -nitro-N-acetyl-penicillamine $(SNP:10^{-5}\;M)$ decreased resting $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ I and tension of muscle. SNP or SNAP also inhibited rhythmic oscillation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension. In 40mM $K^+$ solution or carbachol ($(CCh:10^{-6}\;M)$-induced precontracted muscle, SNP decreased muscle tension. VIP did not change $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension in the resting or precontracted muscle, but ATP increased resting $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension in the resting muscle. 2. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazol(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one $(ODQ:1\;{\mu}M)$, a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, limited the inhibitory effect of SNP 3. Glibenclamide $(10\;{\mu}M)$, a blocker of $K_{ATP}$ channel, and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP:5 mM), a blocker of delayed rectifier K channel, apamin $(0.1\;{\mu}M)$, a blocker of small conductance $K_{Ca}$ channel had no effect on the inhibitory effect of SNP. Iberiotoxin $(0.1\;{\mu}M)$, a blocker of large conductance $K_{Ca}$ channel, significantly increased the resting $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and tension, and limited the inhibitory effect of SNP. 4. Nifedipine $(1\;{\mu}M)$ or elimination of external $Ca^{2+}$ decreased not only resting $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension but also oscillation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension. Ryanodine $(5\;{\mu}M)$ and cyclopiazonic acid $(10\;{\mu}M)$ decreased oscillation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension. 5. SNP decreased $Ca^{2+}$ sensitivity of contractile protein. In conclusion, these results suggest that 1) NO is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the guinea pig ileum, 2) the inhibitory effect of SNP on the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and tension of the muscle is due to a decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ by activation of the large conductance $K_{Ca}$ channel and a decrease in the sensitivity of contractile elements to $Ca^{2+}$ through activation of G-kinase.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.453-459
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• 2010

Introduction: Ameloblastic carcinoma is a rare malignant lesion, and may arise from either carcinoma ex-ameloblastoma or de novo carcinoma. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of the tumor-associated genes leading to their inactivation is a common event in many cancer types. The p16/CDKN2/INK4A gene and p16 5 protein are involved directly in regulating the cell cycles. Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that modulate the epithelial phenotype and regulate tumor invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of p16 and E-cadherin methylation and loss of p16 and E-cadherin expression in the malignant transformation of an ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods: Eight cases of ameloblastoma, including 4 benign ameloblastomas without recurrence, 2 benign ameloblastomas with recurrence and 2 carcinoma ex-ameloblastomas, were examined. The promoter hypermethylation profile of the p16 and E-cadherin genes was studied using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and immunohistochemical staining for p16 and E-cadherin expression. Results: 1) Aberrant CpG island methylation of the p16 gene was detected in 3 of the 4 benign ameloblastomas without recurrence and 1 of the 2 benign ameloblastomas with recurrence. 2) Aberrant CpG island methylation of the E-cadherin gene was found in 1 of the 4 benign ameloblastomas without recurrence. 3) A loss of p16 expression was noted in 1 of 4 benign ameloblastomas without recurrence and 1 of 2 carcinoma ex-ameloblastomas. 4) A loss of E-cadherin expression was noted in 2 of the 4 benign ameloblastomas without recurrence, 1 of the 2 benign ameloblastomas with recurrence and 2 of the 2 carcinoma ex-ameloblastomas. 5) A loss of p16 expression was observed in 1 of the 4 cases showing aberrant methylation of the p16 gene. 6) A loss of E-cadherin expression was observed in 3 benign ameloblastoma case showing aberrant methylation of the E-cadherin gene. Conclusion: These results suggest that loss of E-cadherin expression related to the other genetic pathway (not methylation) might be an adjuvant indicator predicting the malignant transformation of an ameloblastoma. However, the number of samples in this study was too small and the relationship between the treatment methods and clinical course were not defined. Therefore, further study will be needed.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.93-112
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• 2018

We analysed the textbooks of Home Economics in middle school from 1^st to 2009 curriculums to investigate the contents and the portion of Food and Nutrition section. The key words were generated by word cloud technique using text-mining, and the portion of Food and Nutrition section was presented as a ratio of the pages. The core key words of Food and Nutrition section through the curriculums were 'raw food'·'food'·'diet'. In 1^st and 2^nd curriculums, the main key words were related to food materials, condiments and nutrients such as 'vitamin'·'protein'. The words such as 'nutrition'·'eating'·'requirement' were newly appeared in 3^rd, 'portion' in 6^th, and 'diet'·'adolescence' in 7^th curriculum. The mean ratio of Food and Nutrition section in Home Economics was 24.3%. While the portion was as high as 31.8% in 7th it was strikingly reduced to 15.2% in 2009^th. curriculum. Besides, Food and Nutrition section was composed of 10 units of middle level category during the 2^nd and 3^rd curriculums, and was reduced to 2 small units with none of middle level category in 2009^th curriculum. Although the contents of Food and Nutrition section has been developed and adapted to the needs of the society through the curriculums, the portion of Food and Nutrition section in Home Economics has been reduced especially in 2009^th curriculum, which could raise concerns on the health of individuals and communities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1742-1748
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• 2014

This study investigated the quality characteristics of commercial rice flour (CRF) and rice flours prepared by different milling methods for sulgidduk. For particle distribution, dried rice flour after the 1st roll mill using a pin mill showed a particle size of greater than $710{\mu}m$, whereas a particle size less than $250{\mu}m$ accounted for 48% of whole rice flour. This proportion was higher than CRF after the 2nd step roll mill. Crude protein, lipid, and ash contents were significantly highest in 1st roll mill samples. For color, roll & pin made up of many small particles showed a high L value. CRF and roll & pin showed significantly higher starch damage and water-holding capacity, whereas pasting temperature, peak viscosity, and setback of RVA pasting characteristics were lower than 1st roll mill. When rice cakes were made from three kinds of rice flour, roll & pin was not significantly different compared to the CRF. However, rice cakes made with 1st roll milled rice flour showed rough crumb and crust. Rice cake made with roll & pin or CRF showed similar characteristics for texture. In the quantitative descriptive analysis, rice cake made with roll & pin showed better appearance, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability than CRF and 1st roll mill. Therefore, rice flour prepared by roll & pin could be applied to sulgidduk with high quality.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.602-607
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• 2018

Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays important roles in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, the expression and biological role of miR-301b in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. Here we aimed to evaluate the roles and mechanisms of miR-301b in TNBC cells. miR-301b expression was assessed in TNBC specimens and cell lines by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). TNBC cells were transfected with miR-301b mimics, inhibitors or Cylindromatosis (CYLD) small interfering RNA (siRNA) using Lipofectamine 2000. The functional roles of miR-301b were determined by cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis assays. Western blots and qRT-PCR were used to measure the expression of mRNAs and proteins in the cells. We found that miR-301b was upregulated in TNBC specimens and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-301b promoted cell proliferation in TNBC cells, while inhibited the apoptosis induced by 5-FU. CYLD was downregulated by miR-301b at both mRNA and protein levels in TNBC cells. Dual-luciferase report assay confirmed that miR-301b downregulated CYLD by direct interaction with the 3'-untranslated region(3'-UTR) of CYLD mRNA. $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation was mechanistically associated with miR-301b-mediated downregulation of CYLD. However, inhibition of miR-301b reversed all the effects of miR-301b. In conclusion, miR-301b plays an oncogenic role in TNBC possibly by downregulating CYLD and subsequently activating $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, and this may provide a novel therapeutic approach for TNBC.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.976-983
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• 2015

Achyranthoside C dimethyl ester (ACDE) is an oleanolic acid glycoside from Achyranthes japonica which has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of edema and arthritis. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of ACDE in RAW264.7 macrophages. ACDE significantly induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression in RAW264.7 cells, while ACDE improved LPS-induced toxicity of cells. And ACDE induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates HO-1 expression. Further study demonstrated that ACDE-induced expression of HO-1 was inhibited by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) (LY294002), c-Jun kinase (JNK) (SP600125), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) (PD98059) and p38 kinase (SB203580). Moreover, ACDE phosphorylated Akt, JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK. In addition, ACDE inhibited LPS-induced NO secretion as well as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of ACDE on iNOS expression were abrogated by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knock-down of HO-1. Therefore, these results suggest that ACDE suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory mediator such as NO by inducing HO-1 expression via PI-3K/Akt/MAPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway. These findings could help us to understand the active principle included in the roots of A. japonica and the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory action of ACDE.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1336-1340
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• 2016

Korean rhinoceros beetles (Allomyrina dichotoma), which can be found in broad-leaved forests in mountainous habitats and lives for around one year in wild. This beetle is currently popular as a pet and traditionally regarded as a medicine for liver-related diseases in Korea. It is reported that the economic losses in the mass-rearing facilities by virus infection have been increased since the 2010s in Korea. The causing virus for the A. dichotoma was firstly reported as an Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) in 2015. We, here, observes that serious morphological changes in the intestinal tube from the OrNV-infected beetles, and report five genes, which are regulated by OrNV infection in the intestine; Krueppel-like factor 15 (Klf15), Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2), U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 200 kDa helicase (Snrnp200), Muscleblind-like protein 2a (mbnl2a), and MIMI_L93. The results may provide a clue to the early diagnosis and disease treatment during the mass-rearing facilities of the A. dichotoma.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary supplementation of fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus (HE) mushroom on lipid profiles of serum and histological changes of the liver in rats with high fat and cholesterol diet. Five-week old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 8 rats each: The normal control diet (NC group), high fat and cholesterol diet (HFC group), and HFC diet supplemented with 5% fruiting powder of Hericium erinaceus (HFC+HE group). In the HFC+HE group, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and triglyceride concentrations were significantly reduced compared with the NC group. Body weight gain of those in the HFC+HE group were lower than those in the HFC group; whereas HFC+HE had no effect on the levels of plasma albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, and total protein. The enzyme activities related to the liver function, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were lower in the NC group than in the HFC group, but without significance. Feeding the mushroom increased the excretion of total lipid and cholesterol. A histopathological analysis showed that the those in the HFC group developed hepatic steatosis, whereas those in the HFC+HE group developed small fat droplet. In conclusion, these results suggest that 5% HE supplementation to HFC diet provided health benefits by acting on lowering atherogenic lipid profile in rats with high fat and cholesterol diet.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2004

Freeze dried antler, heat dried antler, antler were extracted through processing step by water, protease and hydrochloric acid(HCl). Extraction rate of freeze dried antler at 50$^{\circ}C$ by water was 9.01％(8.82, absorbance at 280 nm), that of heat dried antler was 9.01％(4.45, absorbance at 280 nm), and that of antler was 1.10％(0.31, absorbance at 280 nm), respectively. Extraction rate of freeze dried antler by bacterial protease was 16.89％(4.50, absorbance at 280 nm), and that of heat dried antler was 17.29％(5.62, absorbance at 280 nm), and that of antler was 18.22％(0.64, absorbance at 280 nm), respectively. Extraction rate of freeze dried antler by 0.8N HCl was 72.25％(4.60, absorbance at 280 nm), that of heat dried antler was 71.14％(4.70 absorbance at 280 nm), and that of antler was 79.82％ (2.80, absorbance at 280 nm), respectively. Extraction rate of freeze dried antler through three processing steps was 98.15％, that of heat dried antler was 97.35％, that of antler was 99.14％, respectively. The result of analysis by HPLC shows that high molecular pe which appears in young antler and antler extraction was changed into a small molecular peak of about 1,000 by the reaction of protease, and protein of about MW 70,000 was extracted from their remaining residue by 0.8N HCl. The above result shows that water extraction and protease extraction in the freeze dried young antler, protease extraction and HCl extraction in dried young antler, and HCl extraction in antler are most effective.