• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.49-68
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• 2012

When a channel is vertically separated, there can be inefficiencies, double marginalization. Channel coordination to amend this inefficiency has been an important issue in marketing and economics. Channel coordination deals with maximization of joint profit and achieving proper profit sharing among participants. In this paper, a manufacturer and heterogeneous multiple retailers with exclusive territory are assumed, and channel coordination with two-part tariff is considered. When multiple heterogeneous retailers are assumed, profit sharing can be an issue even though the tariffs based on marginal cost can maximize joint profit. In case of multiple heterogeneous retailers, the manufacturer earns the same profit (fixed fee) from each retailer. This means that a large retailer occupies all the gaps of channel profit between small and large markets. Then, the manufacturer, which generally plays the role of Stackelberg leader, will consider increasing fixed price or marginal price to earn more profit from large retailer. Those reactions can sacrifice maximization of joint profit by making small retailer withdraw or by changing the sales quantities. In this paper, to maximize joint profit and achieve proper profit sharing, two kinds of optional tariffs are considered. The first is an optional two-part tariff based on marginal cost and the second is an optional modified two-part tariff in which marginal prices are higher than the manufacturer's marginal cost. In both types of optional tariffs, maximization of joint profit in each market can be achieved. Moreover, optional tariffs alleviate the problem of profit sharing. Optional tariffs can provide a manufacturer more profit from a large retailer when profit from a small retailer is given. However, the analysis shows that the maximum share of manufacturer from a large retailer is restricted by the condition for self-selection. In case of optional two-part tariffs based on marginal cost, if the gap between demands is large, the maximum share of the manufacturer is sufficient to achieve proper profit sharing. If the gap between demands is not sufficiently large, the manufacturer cannot earn sufficient share from increased profit. An optional modified two-part tariff where marginal price is more than marginal cost of manufacturer is considered because of this scenario. The marginal price above the marginal cost may additionally control the distribution of the increased profit. However, the analysis shows that a manufacturer's maximum profit from a large retailer with given profit from a small retailer is the same as or lower than the maximum profit when optional two-part tariffs based on marginal cost are applied. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optional modified tariffs do not have additional contribution to profit sharing relative to the tariffs based on marginal cost. Although this paper does not cover all kinds of optional tariffs that are different from tariffs based on marginal cost, it shows the advantage of optional tariffs based on marginal cost and has important theoretical implications. The result of this paper also gives guide for channel coordination. Optional two-part tariff based on marginal cost can increase efficiency in channel coordination.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 1976

경북지방(慶北地方)에서 많이 생산(生産)되는 청도반시(淸道盤?), 사곡시(舍谷?), 의성반시(義城盤?), 골반시(盤?) 및 경산반시(慶山盤?)를 대상(對象)으로 수확시기별(收穫時期別) 및 과실(果實)의 대소(大小)가 탈삽(脫澁)에 미치는 영향(影響)과 아울러 청도반시(淸道盤?)의 실용화(實用化) 시험(試驗)을 한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 가용성(可溶性) tannin의 함량(含量)은 성숙(成熟)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 어느 품종(品種)이나 감소(減少)하였으며 최종수확기(最終收穫期)에 있어서는 그 양(量)이 1회 수확기(收穫期)에 비(比)하여 약(約) 반(半)으로 감소(減少)하였고, 탈삽(脫澁) 소요시간(所要時間)도 점차(漸次) 단축(短縮)됨을 볼수 있었다. 2. 과실(果實)의 대소별(大小別)로 볼 가용성(可溶性) tannin의 함량(含量)은 대과(大果)에 비(比)하여 소과(小果)가 품종(品種)에 관계(關係)없이 많았고 탈삽소요시간(脫澁所要時間)도 같은 경향(傾向)으로 소과(小果)가 장시간(長時間) 소요(所要)되었다. 3. 과실(果實)의 대소별(大小別) 경도(硬度)의 변화(變化)는 대과(大果) 경도(硬度)가 품종(品種)에 관계(關係)없이 저하(低下)가 심하였으며 이 현상(現想)은 탈삽경과중(脫澁經過中)이다. 후(後)에도 동일(同一)한 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 과실(果實)의 대소별(大小別) 당(糖)의 변화(變化)는 소과(小果)에 비(比)하여 대과(大果)가 함량(含量)은 많으나 탈삽경과중(脫澁經過中) 감소현상(減少現象)이 크게 나타남을 볼 수 있었다. 5. 청도반시(淸道盤?)를 대상(對象)으로 한 실용화(實用化) 시험(試驗) 결과(結果)는 시장성(市場性)이 좋고 제반경비(諸般經費)를 공제(控除)하고도 카아바이트 처리(處理) 감보다 26.8%의 소득(所得)의 증대(增大)가 인정(認定)되었다.

• 의료법학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.181-208
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• 2010

Maternity services is often perceived as a troublesome business and obstetric litigation is on the increase in Western countries. Overall, the number of claim and cost of litigation to the NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) from maternity services in the UK is increasing every year. Maternity services account for 60-70% of the total sum paid. This has widespread implications for both the individual practitioners and the institutions where they work, due to increasing malpractice insurance premiums. Fear of litigation is also attracting fewer medical graduates into the specialty, leading to a recruitment crisis in obstetrics and gynaecology. The litigation process can cause pain, suffering and distress to clinicians as well as to the patients and their families. Litigation in maternity services is the result of a complex of events when malpractice (presumed or real) impacts on the attitude of pregnant women and their environment. In such complexity, information is mandatory but may often be misinterpreted. If messages are not tailored to the receiver's capacity, communicating well with the pregnant patient becomes crucial. Therefore, to reduce medicallegal issues in obstetrics, increasing attention and an applicable standard of obstetric care to avoid negligence and medical errors should go along with other measures. Considering UK's experiences, NHS redress scheme make it easier to pursue small claims and birth related claims, without necessarily reducing the number of claims processed through the conventional legal system and perhaps encouraging even more of them. The task of dealing with the greater number of inquiries into their practice would inevitably create an added burden for clinicians and hospital managers. Thus further proposals are required to limit the cost of processing inflated claims and to consider whether clinicians should be given some protection from litigation alleging a failure to prevent birth related impairment.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.28-31
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• 2002

Filmless full-PACS in korea has rapidly been growing, since government had supported collaborative PACS project between industry and university hospital in late of 1995. At the same time, a small company had started PACS business, while the Korea PACS society was being formed. In the beginning, PACS societies had focused on developing peripheral solutions such as DICOM gateway for image acquisition, x-ray film digitizer, and viewing software for research or management of personal image data, while Samsung Medical Center had started installing an imported partial PACS system which had recently upgraded with a new system. In similar time frame, a few hospitals had started developing and installing domestic large scale full-PACS system. Several years later, many hospitals have installed full-PACS system with national policy of reimbursement for PACS exams in November 1999. It is believed that Korea is the first country that adopted PACS reimbursement for filmless full-PACS as a national policy. Both experiences of full-PACS installation and national policy generated tremendous intellectual and technological expertise about PACS at all levels, clinical, hospital management, education, and industrial sectors. There are currently three types of PACS system which includes domestic, imported, and hybrid PACS system with imported solution for core system and domestic solution for peripheral system. There are more than 20 domestic PACS companies and they have now enough experiences so that they are capable of installing a truly full-PACS system for large-scale teaching hospitals. PACS societies in Korea understand how to design, implement, install, manage, sustain, and provide good services for large-scale full-PACS. PACS society has also strength for the highest integration technology of the Hospital Information. However, further understanding and timely implementation of continuously evolving international standard and integrated healthcare enterprise concepts may be necessary for international leading of PACS technologies for the future.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2006

Korea dairy industry has a long and chronic problems to consume raw milk , those are surplus milk and decline the market milk consumption continued about 10 years. This study was aim to propose and to find the solution for dairy industry problems. After WTO system, with the importation of dairy products, domestic milk production has fell into the situation of excess supply and huge inventory of dried milk, the milk powder stocks have increased since 2002. That made a chronic decline milk consumption in Korea. The core of chronic problem of Korea dairy industry is the decreasing in market milk consumption. If they have a settlement of any other way using their raw milk to process and consumption to market milk, there will be a solution to solve the chronic problems in this situation. Especially, that will be a development of small farm scale natural cheese production and consume. This may be lead a situation of increase the raw milk consumption, because natural cheese making needs much of raw milk more than market milk. But there are very low technical level of farmers cheese making status, so they need a cheese making educational program for their commercial level of cheese products. Under these situation, there are needed a way out of educational system for the dairy farmers to obtain the high level of cheese making technology from the trustable and scientific organization. The natural cheese making technique of dairy farmers should be accumulated to get the consumers' solid recognition of high quality of natural cheese as LOHAS(Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability) foods.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

The actual condition is that environmental pollution due to the development of various industries has recently become a serious issue. An interest in improving the gas mileage is rising due to an increase in the number of vehicles in the era of high oil price in particular. In order to solve this problem, priority should be given to light-weight design of car body, However, at present, a design method enabling the conventional steel plate to be replaced is direly needed in order to guarantee passengers' safety according to excessive light-weight design of car body. In this study, in order to apply a design method that could realize fuel savings and environmental pollution prevention through an improvement in gas mileage together with meeting the safety requirements for vehicles, it was supposed that CFRP/Al composites member would be used as primary structural member. And to this end, it was intended to obtain optimum design data by experimentally implementing external impulsive load applied to the car body. According to results of impact test of CFRP/Al composites member, a collapsed shape of folding, crack, and bending occurred. So, it was possible to find that energy was observed. And in case of specimen having an angle of $90^{\circ}$ in the outermost layer and stack sequence of $[90^{\circ}{_2}/0^{\circ}2]s$, its collapsed length was shown to be short. Therefore, it was possible to find that the absorbed energy was shown to be higher by 20% or above at the maximum.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.351-359
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• 2003

Statement of problem: Regardless of any restoration, most of case, we used in screw connection between abutment and implant. For this reason, implant screw loosening has been remained problem in restorative practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare surface of coated/plated screw with titanium and gold alloy screw and to evaluate physical property of coated/plated material after scratch test in FESEM investigation Material and methods: GoldTite, titanium screw provided by 3i (Implant Innovation, USA) and TorqTite, titanium screw by Steri-Oss (Nobel Biocare, USA) and gold screw, titanium screw by AVANA (Osstem Implant, korea) - were selected for this study. Each abutment screw surface was observed at 100 times, and then screw crest, root, and slope were done more detailed numerical value, at 1000 times with FESEM. A micro-diamond needle was also prepared for the scratch test. Each abutment screw was fixed, micro-diamond scratch the surface of head region was made at constant load and then was observed central region and periphery of fine trace through 1000 times with FESEM. Results: The surface of GoldTite was smoother than that of other kinds of screw and had abundant ductility and malleability compared with titanium and gold screw. The scratch test also showed that teflon particles were exfoliated easily in screw coated with teflon. Titanium screw had a rough surface and low ductility. Conclusion: It was recommended that the clinical use of gold-plated screw would prevent a screw from loosening. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinical use of gold-plated screw would prevent a screw from loosening because it had abundant ductility and malleability compared with titanium and gold screw.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.173-179
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• 2004

In this study, the influence of heat treatment and Ca contents on the electrochemical behavior was investigated. Mg-Ca alloys, i.e., Mg-0.22wt%Ca, Mg-0.56wt%Ca, Mg-1.31wt%Ca are prepared by ingot metallurgy. As-cast Mg-Ca alloys exhibited better electrochemical properties than pure Mg. Especially, Mg-0.22wt%Ca alloy improves its anode efficiency up to 62% and lowers the OCP up to -1.72VSCE. Microstructure and XRD patterns of Mg-Ca alloys show that additive Ca element is mainly solid-solutioned. While, the others show the microstructure and XRD pattern with large $Mg_2Ca$ at grain boundary. To assess the effect of heat treatment on the as-cast Mg-alloy, the specimens were heat treated at $200^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours under $CO_2$ gas atmosphere. Although corrosion properties of Mg-Ca alloys are somewhat deteriorated by heat treatment at $200^{\circ}C$ Mg-0.22wt%Ca alloy with uniformly distributed nano-sized $Mg_2Ca$ phase in ${\alpha}$-Mg matrix show still better corrosion properties than pure Mg specimen.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.197-220
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• 2012

한국 중소기업 해외자회사의 투자성과 차이를 가져오는 주요 경영관리역량은 무엇이며, 이들 경영관리역량을 구축하는데 영향을 미치는 요인은 무엇인가? 이를 파악하기 위해 베트남 호치민 지역을 방문하여 21개 기업의 경영자들을 1-2시간 동안 인터뷰한 다음, 경영자원론에 의거하여 도출한 분석모델에 따라 사례를 작성 및 분석하였다. 분석결과 유능한 관리자 확보, 원활한 의사소통 체제, 안정적인 노사관계 구축, 공장가동률 제고와 하청활용, 자사특유의 품질관리 시스템, 적기자금조달, 지역사회와 좋은 관계 구축 및 관련 공무원들과의 우호적인 관계 구축 등과 같은 경영관리역량이 주요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 경영관리역량을 향상시키는 요인들은 사전진출 경험과 지식뿐만 아니라 지속적인 학습, 단계적인 성장, 뛰어난 경영관리 시스템 등으로 분석되었다. 따라서 한국 중소기업들은 베트남 투자성과를 높이기 위해 사전진출 경험과 지식을 충분히 축적하여야 하며, 진출 이후에도 지속적인 학습을 바탕으로 환경변화에 맞게 주요 경영관리역량을 향상시켜 나가야 할 것이다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2014

외국인 투자의 증가가 국내기업의 배당에 미치는 영향에 대하여 선행연구에서 상이한 결과들을 제시하고 있는데 이는 실증분석의 방법에서 배당을 측정하는 변수로 상이한 변수들이 사용되었으며, 분석 방법론 측면에서 외국인투자와 배당수준 간의 인과관계의 방향을 통제하지 않았다는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 기존문헌들이 가지는 한계점을 최대한 보완하여 코스닥시장 신규상장기업을 대상으로 하여 외국인 투자와 배당수준간의 인과관계의 방향성 문제를 극복하고 배당수익률을 종속변수로 하여 분석함으로써 앞에서 제기한 우려에 대한 답을 제시하고자 하였다. 먼저 전체표본을 사용하는 경우, 배당수익률은 외국인투자와 유의한 관계를 보이지 않았으며 이와 같은 결과는 기존 문헌의 연구결과와 유사한 것이다. 그리고 외국인투자가 발생하기 이전에 배당금을 지급했던 표본기업을 대상으로 한 패널분석에서도 외국인 투자가 배당수익률에 유의하게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 외국인 투자자들이 배당을 지급하는 기업에 대한 선호현상으로 인하여 외국인투자는 배당수준에 영향을 미치지 않았음을 보여주는 결과이다. 그러나 외국인 투자가 발생하기 이전에 배당을 지급했던 기업을 제외한 표본에 대한 패널분석결과에 의하면 외국인투자는 배당수준 변수 즉 배당수익률이 유의하게 정의 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 배당을 지급하는 기업에 대한 외국인 투자자의 선호현상을 통제하는 경우, 외국인 투자자들이 국내 코스닥기업에 배당수준에 대하여 유의한 영향을 미친다는 결과를 보여주는 것이다. 특히 기존의 연구에서 유의하게 나타나지 않았던 배당수익률이 외국인의 배당지급 기업에 대한 선호현상을 통제하였을 때 유의하게 나타난 본 연구의 결과는 상당히 의미가 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이는 외국인지분이 증가 할수록 전체이익 중 배당액이 차지하는 비중이 증가하고 시기총액대비 현금배당이 증가함을 의미함으로 외국인투자자가 단기적 이익에 집착하여 고배당을 유도한다는 주장이 성립하는 것으로 볼 수 있다.