• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2019

Anger is a multi-dimensional concept ranging from feeling irritable to violent aggression. A growing body of literature suggests the relevance of sleep in regard to anger. The current study aims to review previous studies on the association between anger and diverse aspects of sleep including sleep disruption, chronotype, sleep disorders and sleep deprivation. An association between sleep and anger has been observed starting in the early stage of life, with sleep of infants or toddlers affecting emotional and behavioral aspects of anger. However, the association between anger and sleep is not clear in adolescents and might be due to the effects of psychosocial factors on both sleep and anger during adolescence. Subjective but not objective sleep disturbances of adults have been also associated with anger. Evening types showed more anger, which might be mediated by psychological characteristics or social jet lag of evening people. Increased anger has also been found in those with insomnia, sleep apnea, or experimental sleep-deprivation. Previous studies have reported that diverse sleep disturbances are related to anger. Future study assessing the various sleep or circadian indices and considering the multidimensional aspects of anger are needed.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2006

Alcohol has extensive effects on sleep and daytime sleepiness. Alcohol has a sleep inducing effect and the effect of increased non-REM sleep and suppressed REM sleep during the first half portion of night sleep, but alcohol induces the effect of decreased non-REM sleep and increased light sleep and frequent awakenings and REM rebound during the second half portion of night sleep. Alcohol provokes chronobiological change such as the changes of amplitude or the phase shifts of hormones or core body temperature. The sleep disruption resulting from alcohol drinking may lead to daytime fatigue and sleepiness. The elderly are at particular in the increased risk of alcohol-related sleep disorders because they achieve higher levels of alcohol in the blood and brain than do younger adults after consuming an equivalent dose. Bedtime alcohol consumption among older adults may lead to unsteadiness if walking is attempted during the night, with increased risk of falls and injuries. Continued alcohol use for sleep induction often induces aggravation of insomnia, alcoholism or sleep related breathing disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea. Alcohol should not be used as substitution of sleep pill because of the dependence and tolerance for sleep inducing effect, and the sleep disruption produced by alcohol withdrawal.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2012

The reciprocal interaction between sleep and pain has been reported by numerous studies. Patients with acute or chronic pain often complain of difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings, shorter sleep duration, unrefreshing sleep, and poor sleep quality in general. According to the majority of the experimental human studies, sleep deprivation may produce hyperalgesic changes. The selective disruption of slow wave sleep has shown this effect more consistently, while results after selective REM sleep deprivation remain unclear. Patients with chronic pain have a marked alteration of sleep structure and continuity, such as frequent sleep-stage shifts, increased nocturnal awakenings, decreased slow wave sleep (SWS), decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and alpha-delta sleep. Many analgesic medications can alter sleep architecture in a manner similar to the effects of acute and chronic pain, suppressing SWS and REM sleep.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 1999

Headaches and sleep problems are common complaints in clinical practice. The relationship of sleep and headache has been extensively studied. Brain systems involved in the regualtion of sleep may also play a role in the initiation of vascular headache. Some of the physiological alterations in sleep, particularly REM sleep, are similar to those described in vascular headache. Clinical studies have documented an association between vascular headache and sleep, and headache is a common symptom of sleep disorders. Sleep and headache are known to be interrelated in several ways. It can be summarized as follows: 1) sleep-related headaches, 2) sleep phase-related headaches, 3) length of sleep(excess, lack, and disruption) and headaches, 4) headache related to sleep associated behavior, 5) sleep disorders and headaches, 6) effects of headaches on sleep, and 7) dreams and headaches. Several mechanisms can be proposed to explain the relationship between sleep and headaches.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2013

Sleep disturbances are commonly encountered problems in cancer patients. Sleep has a role in maintenance of immunity, metabolism, and quality of life but little has been known about the prevalence, risk factors, and effects on prognosis of sleep disturbances in patients with cancer. Also little attention has been made on proper assessment and management of sleep disorders in these patients. Recently, there have been some reports that sleep disorders are related with development of many cancers such as breast, colorectal, prostate, and endometrial cancers. An intermittent hypoxia and a disruption of circadian rhythm are considered as one of the possible mechanisms of cancer developments. More aggressive evaluation and meticulous management of sleep disturbances in cancer patients are essential to improve quality of life as well as prognosis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.711-717
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• 2007

Sleep is a vital, highly organized process regulated by complex systems of neuronal networks and neurotransmitters. Normal sleep comprises non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM periods that alternate through the night. Sleep usually begins in NREM and progresses through deeper NREM stages (2, 3, and 4 stages), but newborns enter REM sleep (active sleep) first before NREM (quiet sleep). A period of NREM and REM sleep cycle is approximately 90 minutes, but newborn have a shorter sleep cycle (50 minutes). As children mature, sleep changes as an adult pattern: shorter sleep duration, longer sleep cycles and less daytime sleep. REM sleep is approximately 50% of total sleep in newborn and dramatically decreases over the first 2 years into adulthood (20% to 25%). An initial predominant of slow wave sleep (stage 3 and 4) that peaks in early childhood, drops off abruptly after adolescence by 40% from preteen years, and then declines over the life span. The hypothalamus is recognized as a key area of brain involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The basic function of sleep largely remains elusive, but it is clear that sleep plays an important role in the regulation of CNS and body physiologic processes. Understanding of the architecture of sleep and basic mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake cycle are essential to evaluate normal or abnormal development of sleep pattern changes with age. Reduction or disruption of sleep can have a significant impact on daytime functioning and development, including learning, growth, behavior, and emotional regulation.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2023

Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep-related movement disorder characterized by involuntary, rhythmic limb movements during sleep. While PLMD itself is not considered life-threatening, its association with certain underlying health conditions raises concerns about mortality risks. PLMD has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The fragmented sleep caused by the repetitive limb movements and associated arousals may contribute to sympathetic activation, chronic sleep disruption, sleep deprivation, and subsequent cardiovascular problems, which can increase mortality risks. The comorbidities and health factors commonly associated with PLMD, such as obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, may also contribute to increased mortality risks. PLMD is often observed alongside other neurological disorders, including restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Parkinson's disease. The presence of PLMD in these conditions may exacerbate the underlying health issues and potentially contribute to higher mortality rates. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms linking PLMD to mortality risks and to develop targeted interventions that address these risks.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1999

Sleep is a necessity for survival. Disruption of sleep leads to numerous adverse physiological and psychological consequences. These could be particularly undesirable for older patients, who are subject to many additional factors. But there is limited research related to hospitalized elderly in Korea. The purpose of the study is to explore sleep patterns and disturbing factors of before and after hospitalization, in order to present basic information regarding elderly sleep to develop nursing intervention. The sample consisted of 32 elderly men and women between the ages of n and 87 years. Data collection was done from September to November 1997. Measures of sleep patterns and related factors were obtained from self-reported sleep questionnaires. Analysis of data was done by use of t-test, paired t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. In comparision between before and after admission of their sleep pattern, “sleep onset” tends to be delayed and nocturnal sleep time was significantly reduced. So, hospitalized elderly reported less total sleep time than before admission. 2. Regarding the sleep disturbing factors, medication(hypnotics ; 37.5%), physiological factor (snoring ; 59.4%) environmental factor (pillow ; 78.1%), emotional factor(anxiety related to disease ; 37.5%), and illness factor(fatigue ; 34.7%) were reported. 3. Significant differences in gender were found. Men had more disturbances in sleep than women owing to difficulty in falling a sleep and lack of nocturnal sleep. Women consumed more sleep inducing drugs. Significant increase was reported in napping during the day with increasing age. 4. Significant differences between good sleepers and poor sleepers were found for the following variables : nocturnal sleep time, total sleep time, bed time, sleep onset latency time, sleep latency time after nocturnal awakening, time spent in bed upon arousal, environmental factors, and emotional factors. In conclusion, it was found that the quantity and quality of sleep were significantly altered in hospitalized elderly, but adequate strategies for better sleep were not practiced. Further research is needed to develop Intervention strategies to promote sleep and to prevent sleep problems.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.432-438
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• 2018

Worldwide, caffeine is among the most commonly used stimulatory substances. Unfortunately, significant caffeine consumption is associated with several adverse effects, ranging from sleep disturbances (including insomnia) to cardiovascular problems. This study investigates whether treatment with the Evodia rutaecarpa aqueous extract (ERAE) from berries and its major molecular component, evodiamine, can reduce the adverse caffeine-induced sleep-related and excitation effects. We combined measurements from the pentobarbital-induced sleep test, the open field test, and the locomotor activity test in mice that had been dosed with caffeine. We found that ERAE and evodiamine administration reduced the degree of caffeine-induced sleep disruption during the sleep test. Additionally, we found that evodiamine significantly inhibits caffeine-induced excitation during the open field test, as well as decreasing hyperlocomotion in the locomotor activity test. Additional in vitro experiments showed that caffeine administration decreased the expression of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor subunits in the mouse hypothalamus. However, evodiamine treatment significantly reversed this expression reduction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ERAE and its major compound, evodiamine, provide an excellent candidate for the treatment or prevention of caffeine-induced sleep disturbances and excitatory states, and that the mechanism of these beneficial effects acts, at least in part, through the $GABA_A$-ergic system.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.265-273
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the children's sleeping patterns, such as the sleeping hours and the nature of sleep disruptions following hospitalization and its accompanying factors. The data were collected from December, 1997 to March, 1998 using a questionnaire developed by researchers. The subjects were 76 children in a hospital. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The average sleeping hours (sleep duration) at night were 10 hours and 10 minutes and 9 hours and 9 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). The average sleeping hours in the day time were 1 hour 28 minutes and 2 hours and 26 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). 2. The mean bed time(sleep onset) was 10: 22 pm and 10 : 28 pm before and after hospitalization respectively. There was no significant difference. 3. The mean hour of rising(sleep termination) was 7: 54 am 7 : 08 am before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). 4. The mean number of sleep disruption was 0.72 and 1.94 before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). The sleep disruptions were influenced by crying of other children(53.9%), lights(28.9), nursing procedures(18.4%), noise of TV(17.l%) and noise of visitors (15.8%).