• Animal cells and systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2006

Allergic inflammation is thought to be a Th2 cell-dominant immune response during which tissue-resident fibroblasts produce chemokines which contribute to the recruitment of migratory leukocytes to sites of tissue injury. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC; CCL17) is a potent member of the CC chemokine family and a selective chemoattractant for Th2 cells. In order to study the regulatory profiles of TARC production by $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and Il-4 in human normal skin fibroblast, CCD-986sk cell line was used. The expression of TARC protein was measured using ELISA, and mRNA level was detected by RT-PCR. The combination of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-4 induced a time-and dose-dependent synergistic increase in the expression of TARC at both protein and mRNA levels in the cultured human skin fibroblasts. Exposure of the cells to single cytokine had no effect on TARC expression. The high concentration (100 ng/ml) and long incubation time (72 h) of $IFN-{\gamma}$ further enhanced the TARC production induced by $TNF-{\alpha}$/lL-4 in the skin fibroblast. This synergistic effect of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines on TARC production by skin fibroblasts may contribute to the inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage with allergic inflammation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.40
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• pp.26-33
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• 2003

Contemporary architecture has two different movements that one is the utilization of digital technology and the other is the inclination to nature. After deconstructivism in architecture, the tendency of design shows the fusion between digitalism and organicism and as a consequence the phenomena of 'skin expression' has emerged which can be thought as 'organic digitalism' or 'digital organicism'. The definition of skin tendency in environmental design is the design of nature based on the technology. As a result, the surface becomes the design issue compared to structure and the momentum for new aesthetic value. There are post-structuralism, complex system theory and the organic architecture as theoretical background for the tendency of skin expression. Specially the ideas of post-structural philosophy has effected deeply to the formation of its movement and also offered the theoretical nutrition for digital architecture. The characteristics of the skin tendency can be analyzed as topological transformation, smooth continuum, deterritorialization, ecological response system, and tactility. These design characteristics has combined with conventional material and design vocabulary to transform and develope new spatial conception.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to investigate the skin whitening and antioxidant effects of the Anemarrhenae Rhizoma extract (ARE). Following the previously studied method, we examined the inhibitory effects of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity by using B16F10 cells. First, we measured the Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitrite scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase-like activity to verifying antioxidant efficacy according to skin whitening. In addition, we confirmed the skin whitening efficacy of ARE by measuring gene expression associated with a skin whitening by the Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in B16F10 cells. In this study, we confirmed that ARE has skin whitening and antioxidant effects at high concentrations. In particular, ARE at a concentration of 500 ㎍/ml inhibited the expression of Tyrosinase, TRP-2 (tyrosinase-related protein), and MITF (microphthalmia transcription factor) genes better than Arbutin. In conclusion, our results confirmed that ARE has the potential for development as a skin whitening efficacy substance.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2018

Background: Compound K (CK) is a ginsenoside, a metabolite of Panax ginseng. There is interest both in increasing skin health and antiaging using natural skin care products. In this study, we explored the possibility of using CK as a cosmetic ingredient. Methods: To assess the antiaging effect of CK, RT-PCR was performed, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and type I collagen were measured under UVB irradiation conditions. The skin hydrating effect of CK was tested by RT-PCR, and its regulation was explored through immunoblotting. Melanin content, melanin secretion, and tyrosinase activity assays were performed. Results: CK treatment reduced the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in UVB irradiated NIH3T3 cells and recovered type I collagen expression level. Expression of skin hydrating factors-filaggrin, transglutaminase, and hyaluronic acid synthases-1 and -2-were augmented by CK and were modulated through the inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. In the melanogenic response, CK did not regulate tyrosinase activity and melanin secretion, but increased melanin content in B16F10 cells was observed. Conclusion: Our data showed that CK has antiaging and hydrating effects. We suggest that CK could be used in cosmetic products to protect the skin from UVB rays and increase skin moisture level.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.584-589
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• 2017

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, contributes to the entry of immune cells into the site of inflammation in the skin. Here, we show that protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 21 (PTPN21) negatively regulates ICAM-1 expression in human keratinocytes. PTPN21 expression was transiently induced after stimulation with TNF-${\alpha}$. When overexpressed, PTPN21 inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 in HaCaT cells but PTPN21 C1108S, a phosphatase activity-inactive mutant, failed to inhibit ICAM-1 expression. Nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$), a key transcription factor of ICAM-1 gene expression, was inhibited by PTPN21, but not by PTPN21 C1108S. PTPN21 directly dephosphorylated phospho-inhibitor of ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B$)-kinase ${\beta}$ ($IKK{\beta}$) at Ser177/181. This dephosphorylation led to the stabilization of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity. Taken together, our results suggest that PTPN21 could be a valuable molecular target for regulation of inflammation in the skin by dephosphorylating p-$IKK{\beta}$ and inhibiting NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.327-331
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• 2014

In this study we investigated the effects of fucoidan on the proliferation of fibroblasts and the reconstruction of a skin equivalent (SE). Fucoidan significantly stimulated the proliferation of CCD-25Sk human fibroblasts and Western blot analysis demonstrated that fucoidan markedly increased the expression of cyclin D1 and decreased the expression of p27. Fucoidan was used to reconstruct SE. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the addition of fucoidan to dermal equivalents increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p63. In addition, expression of ${\alpha}6$-integrin was significantly increased by fucoidan, whereas expression of ${\beta}1$-integrin, type 1 collagen, elastin, fibronectin did not markedly change. These results suggest that fucoidan has positive effects on epidermal reconstruction and will therefore be beneficial in the reconstruction of SE.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.155.3-156
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• 2003

Flavonoids from plant origin show anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition to inhibition of inflammation-associated enzymes such as cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, they have been found to regulate the expression of inflammation-associated proteins from in vitro experiments. In order to prove in vivo behavior and the potential for beneficial use against inflammatory skin disorders, the effect of wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone) on in vivo expression of several inflammation-associated genes was examined in the intact as well as in the inflamed mouse skin by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. (omitted)

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2013

This study was carried out to examine the action mechanism of Chamaecyparis obtusa oil (CO) on hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. For alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GT) activities in the skin tissue, at week 4, the 3% minoxidil (MXD) and 3% CO treatment groups showed an ALP activity that was significantly higher by 85% (p < 0.001) and 48% (p < 0.05) and an ${\gamma}$-GT activity that was significantly higher by 294% (p < 0.01) and 254% (p < 0.05) respectively, as compared to the saline (SA) treatment group. For insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression in the skin tissue, at week 4, the MXD and CO groups showed a significantly higher expression by 204% (p < 0.05) and 426% (p < 0.01) respectively, as compared to the SA group. At week 4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the MXD and CO groups showed a significantly higher expression by 74% and 96% (p < 0.05) respectively, however, epidermal growth factor (EGF) expression in the MXD and CO groups showed a significantly lower expression by 66% and 61% (p < 0.05) respectively, as compared to the SA group. Stem cell factor (SCF) expression in the MXD and CO groups was observed by immunohis-tochemistry as significant in a part of the bulge around the hair follicle and in a part of the basal layer of the epidermis. Taking all the results together, on the basis of effects on ALP and ${\gamma}$-GT activity, and the expression of IGF-1, VEGF and SCF, which are related to the promotion of hair growth, it can be concluded that CO induced a proliferation and division of hair follicle cells and maintained the anagen phase. Because EGF expression was decreased significantly, CO could delay the transition to the catagen phase.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2008

These days there is a constant possibility of exposure to UV radiation which can cause abnormal production of melanin and result in skin disease such as hyperpigmentation and melanoma. Many materials were investigated for skin whitening and protection against UV radiation. In this study, we assessed the melanogenesis inhibitory activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG, Ginseng Radix Rubra) and Ginkgo (EGb 761 Ginkgo Biloba) in an attempt to develop a new skin whitening agent derived from natural products. B16F10 melanoma cells were treated for 48 hr with KRG and EGb 761. The inhibitory effect on melanogenesis was measured and related cytokines and proteins expression were also investigated by RT-PCR and Western blotting. In addition, we also assessed the effects of these substances on the skin of C57BL/6 mice. Cell growth, melanin content and tyrosinase activity were inhibited effectively in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with KRG and EGb 761. Moreover, tyrosinase mRNA expression was inhibited clearly and melanogenesis related proteins (MRPs) containing tyrosinase, TRP1 and TRP2 were also reduced by KRG and EGb761, while cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were induced. In the case of UV irradiated mice, we observed induction of cytokine mRNA levels and reduction of MRPs mRNA expression. In addition, a decrease in pigmentation from treatment with KRG and EGb 761 on the skin of mice was observed. These results indicate that KRG and EGb 761 inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells and have display protective activities against UVB. Therefore, we suggest that KRG and EGb 761 are good candidates to be used as whitening agents and UVB protectors for the skin.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.300-307
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• 2010

Photosensitized peroxidation of membrane lipids has been implicated in skin pathologies such as phototoxicity and premature aging. We have previously reported that syriacusin compounds isolated from Hibiscus Syriacus inhibited lipid peroxidation. Here, we investigated whether syriacusins could be effective inhibitor to skin aging using ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFCs). Syriacusins A, B, and C inhibit the activity of human neutrophil elastase (HNE), a serine protease to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including elastin, with $IC_{50}s$ of 8.0, 5.2, and $6.1\;{\mu}M$, respectively. No changes in cell viability were detected by syriacusins A and B in UV-B ($10\;mJ/cm^2$) irradiated HDFCs. Matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP)-1 expression in HDFCs was increased by UV-B irradiation. MMP-1 expression in UV-B irradiated HDFCs was decreased by $10\;{\mu}M$ and $20\;{\mu}M$ syriacusin A to 50% and 20% of untreated control, respectively. Syriacusin B treated with $20\;{\mu}M$ reduced MMP-1 expression in UV-B irradiated HDFCs to 60% of untreated control. Syriacusin A also inhibited MMP-2 expression accompanying the increase of type-I pro-collagen in UV-B irradiated HDFCs. These results demonstrate that syriacusin A could be a more effective compound to inhibit skin aging caused by UV irradiation. It suggests that syriacusins A and B might be developed as possible agents to treat or prevent skin aging.