• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2012

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between skeletal maturity and heart rate variability (HRV) based on the bone age and HRV parameters. Methods 103 children from 6 years to 17 years of age, who do not have any disease-related symptom, and visited ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ oriental medicine hospital, are measured based on their bone age and short-term spectral analysis of HRV. Results 1. Skeletal maturity was significantly correlated with HRV indices: mean HRT and SDNN. As the skeletal maturity increases, the mean HRT was decreased and the SDNN was increased. 2. When classifying according to the skeletal maturity score, the mean HRT was higher in the 'below -0.4' group compare to '-0.3~0.7' group and '0.8~1.9' group. SDNN was higher in the '0.8~1.9' group compare to '-0.3~0.7' group, 'below -0.4' group 3. When classifying according to the sex, age and secondary sexual characteristics, as the skeletal maturity was increased, the mean HRT was significantly decreased and the SDNN was significantly increased only in the boys who did not develop secondary sexual characteristics. Conclusions Skeletal maturity could be statistically significant with HRV indices, especially to the boys and the children than the girls and the teenagers.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.517-531
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the craniofacial skeleton subsequent to chincap therapy in the juvenile skeletal Class III malocclusion with more appropriate control samples. The experimental group consisted of 29 Korean children(14 males, 15 females) who had skeletal Class III malocclusion with prognathic mandible and were undergone chincap thorny from the beginning of treatment. The control group was composed of 21 Korean children(10 males, 11 females) who had no orthodontic treatment, but with similar skeletal discrepancies to experimental group. Lateral cephalometric radiographs at the age of 7, and 2 years later were analyized and compared with student's t-test(p<0.05). The results of this study were as follows; 1. The control group without chincap therapy had not shown any improvement of the skeletal discrepancies, but had grown to be much severe. This means that the untreated Class III patient with prognathic mandible would not be corrected by growth. For the experimental group with chincap therapy, the anterior-posterior skeletal discrepancies and mandibular prognathism were both improved. 2. Neither significant restraint nor acceleration of growth was found in the cranial base and maxilla by chincap treatment. 3. The inhibition of mandibular growth could not be accepted, but the changes of the direction of growth and morphological changes were found. 4. Vertical growth tendency was increased with chincap therapy. 5. When Putting together the results of the analyses , it seems to be the rotation and displacement of the mandible that the major treatment effects of chincap we. The changes of the direction of growth and the morphological changes also seems to contibute to the treatment effect partly. In summary, the chincap doesn't restrain the mandibular growth. But, it is considered as a useful treatment modality for correction of skeletal discrepancies and reduction of mandibular prognathism in growing Class III patients with madibular prognathism.

• 대한치과교정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.30.1-30.1
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• 2003

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2011

The purpose of study is for the certified correlations of hand-wrist radiograph with cervical vertebrae for skeletal maturation in children. Normal evaluation devices of growth stage is sexual feature, biological age, tooth development stage, height and weight. Evaluation of growth potential is very important for childhood and puberty. The skeletal developmental stages were evaluated by using the hand-wrist radiograph and cephalometric radiograph that obtained from 6 to 18 years old children. 1. Chronologic age was not more suitable indicator of skeletal development compared to Skeletal Maturity Indicators(SMI) and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation(CVM) stages. 2. SMI and CVM stages for females occurred earlier than that for male. 3. SMI 1 and 2 stages were corresponded to CVM 1; SMI 3,4 = CVM 2; SMI 5,6 = CVM 3. 4. Reproducibility and reliability of observer for SMI and CVM were excellent. This results suggest CVM stage is comparable to SMI stage in terms of evaluating the skeletal development.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1098-1102
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• 2015

FABPpm (plasma membrane-bound fatty acid binding protein ) is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. The principal role of this protein is modulating fatty acid uptake and metabolism. The influence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which is a major regulator of skeletal muscle cells, on FABPpm in skeletal muscle cells has not been investigated. To determine the effect of IGF-I on the expression of FABPpm, differentiated C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cells were treated with 20 ng/ml of IGF-I for different times. IGF-I increased the expression of FABPpm in a time-dependent manner. The mRNA level of FABPpm was measured by real-time quantitative PCR to determine whether the IGF-1-induced induction of FABPpm was regulated pretranslationally. The IGF-I treatment resulted in very rapid induction of the FABPpm mRNA transcript in the C2C12 myotubes. After 24 and 48 hr of the IGF-I treatment, FABPpm mRNA increased 130 and 179%, respectively. The increase in the protein expression returned to control levels after 72 hr of the IGF-I treatment, suggesting that IGF-1 regulated the FABPpm gene pretranslationally in skeletal muscle cells. This is the first evidence that IGF-I has a modulatory effect on the expression of FABPpm. In conclusion, IGF-I induced rapid transcriptional modification of the FABPpm gene in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and exerted modulatory effects on FABPpm.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1284-1290
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• 2014

Fatty acid transporter protein 1 (FATP1) is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and modulates fatty acid uptake and metabolism. However, the influence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a master regulator of skeletal muscle cells, on FATP1 in skeletal muscle cells has not been demonstrated. To investigate the effect of IGF-I on FATP1 and the expression of the IGFBP5 protein, differentiated C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cells were treated with 20 ng/ml of IGF-I at different time points. The results showed that IGF-I increased FATP1 and IGFBP5 protein expression in a time-dependent manner. To determine whether this induction of FATP1 by the IGF-I treatment was regulated pretranslationally, the mRNA level of FATP1 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. The IGF-I treatment resulted in very rapid induction of the FATP1 mRNA transcript in C2C12 myotubes. FATP1 mRNA increased 169% and 132% after 24 and 48 h of the IGF-I treatment, respectively, and it returned to control levels after 72 h of the treatment, suggesting that the FATP1 gene is regulated pretranslationally by IGF-I in skeletal muscle cells. This is the first evidence that IGF-I can regulate the expression of FATP1. In conclusion, IGF-I induced rapid transcriptional modification of the FATP1 gene in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and had modulating effects on fatty acid uptake proteins and oxidative proteins.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1078-1087
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• 2021

Objective: Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) are significant for the growth, regeneration, and maintenance of skeletal muscle after birth. However, currently, few studies have been performed on the isolation, culture and inducing differentiation of goose muscle satellite cells. Previous studies have shown that C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) participated in the process of muscle growth and development, but its role in the goose skeletal muscle development is not yet clear. This study aimed to isolate, culture, and identify the goose SMSCs in vitro. Additionally, to explore the function of CTRP3 in goose SMSCs. Methods: Goose SMSCs were isolated using 0.25% trypsin from leg muscle (LM) of 15 to 20 day fertilized goose eggs. Cell differentiation was induced by transferring the cells to differentiation medium with 2% horse serum and 1% penicillin streptomycin. Immunofluorescence staining of Desmin and Pax7 was used to identify goose SMSCs. Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction and western blot were applied to explore developmental expression profile of CTRP3 in LM and the regulation of CTRP3 on myosin heavy chains (MyHC), myogenin (MyoG) expression and Notch signaling pathway related genes expression. Results: The goose SMSCs were successfully isolated and cultured. The expression of Pax7 and Desmin were observed in the isolated cells. The expression of CTRP3 decreased significantly during leg muscle development. Overexpression of CTRP3 could enhance the expression of two myogenic differentiation marker genes, MyHC and MyoG. But knockdown of CTRP3 suppressed their expression. Furthermore, CTRP3 could repress the mRNA level of Notch signaling pathway-related genes, notch receptor 1, notch receptor 2 and hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif 1, which previously showed a negative regulation in myoblast differentiation. Conclusion: These findings provide a useful cell model for the future research on goose muscle development and suggest that CTRP3 may play an essential role in skeletal muscle growth of goose.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2015

Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid (GC), is clinically administered to woman at risk for premature labor to induce fetal lung maturation. However, exposure to repeated or excess GCs leads to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequently increases risk of psychiatric and cardio-metabolic diseases in later life through fetal programming mechanisms. GCs are key mediators of stress responses, therefore, maternal nutrient restriction or psychological stress during pregnancy also causes negative impacts on birth and neurodevelopment outcome of fetuses, and other congenital defects, such as craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. In this study, to examine the effect of prenatal stress on fetal skeletal development, dexamethasone (1 mg/kg [DEX1] or 10 mg/kg [DEX10] maternal body weight per day) was administered intraperitoneally at gestational day 7.5~9.5 and the skeletons were prepared from embryos at day 18.5. Seven out of eighteen (39%) embryos treated with DEX10 showed axial skeletal abnormalities in either the T13 or L1 vertebrae. In addition, examination of the sternum revealed that xiphoid process, the protrusive triangular part of the lower end of the sternum, was bent more outward or inward in DEX group embryos. In conclusion, our findings suggest a possible link to the understanding of the effect of uterine environment to the fetal skeletal features.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.78-80
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• 2000

A new murine TGF-$\beta$ family member, myostatin(growth/differentiation factor-8) is expressed specifically in developing and adult skeletal muscle and may be a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development. This study aims at characterization and identification of genomic organization of chicken myostatin gene. In thi study, we identified the genomic organization and sequence of chicken myostatin gene. Results of RT-PCR and Northern blots from various tissues showed different mRNA expression levels in developmental stages of chick embryos and demonstrated strong expression of myostatin mRNA in skeletal muscle. These facts suggest that chicken myostatin gene would play an important role not only in skeletal muscle cell but also in other tissues.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.414-424
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• 2021

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the skeletal and dental maturity according to the vertical facial type and sex in Korean children in the developmental stage. In total, 184 participants aged 8 - 14 years were selected and divided into three groups based on the mandibular plane angle. For the comparison between the sexes, the three groups were each divided into male and female subgroups. The skeletal and dental maturity were assessed using lateral cephalograms, hand-wrist radiographs and panoramic radiographs. The vertical growth group showed significantly greater cervical vertebral and hand-wrist maturity than that in the horizontal growth group. Dental maturity was the highest in the vertical growth group. Girls showed greater skeletal maturity than boys, and no distinct difference was observed between the dental maturity of the sexes. Analysis of the vertical facial type in children can provide ancillary indicators that may help determine the optimal timing for orthodontic treatment initiation. Earlier initiation of orthodontic treatment may be considered for patients with vertical facial growth patterns.