• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.59-82
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• 2011

Based on travel literatures written by the Joseon literati, the different picture of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Buseok monastery from the one today emerges. Not only do the buildings removed from the monastery today reappear, but the quite different way of the monastic operation comes to light. This observation leads to a speculation that the monastery was functionally and spatially divided into two territories; that of the Immeasurable life hall and of the Dharma hall. The Immeasurable life hall's precinct was built at the site open to the west providing a grand vista of mountainous area. This siting, originally having a close relation with the visualization such as the Sixteen contemplation, not simply gave such a special attraction that the first built architectural composition has lasted through the centuries to the late Joseon, but also granted to the Chwiweon pavilion located at the western side of the precinct a special meditative quality. As the monastery has suffered from a number of heavy duties in the Joseon period, the architectural attraction of the precinct was mobilized to promote the monastic identity as the legitimate monastery first built by Uisang, the founder of Hwaeom Buddhsim. Especially, the Chwiweon pavilion offered a mental space so that the literati might form an affirmative attitude toward the monastery and the monks. The Dharma hall's precinct was built based on the direct replication of the architectural layout presented in liturgy books for the Water and Land rite as well as the Vulture Peak rite. This layout is generally called the Court-type enclosed by four buildings, which has been widely fashioned in the late Joseon period. This characteristic gave to the Dharma hall precinct an arbitrary and anonymous quality, which helped not only avoid the tourism of the literati, but also secure the sacrality and ritual efficacy at occasions of Buddhist rites. This division of territories of the monastery can be understood as the strategic reaction from the monks in order to survive in the age of oppression against Buddhism. In result, the identity of Buseok monastery in the late Joseon was established as the Nine-rank sanctuary where Bodhisattvas permanently resided.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.611-623
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate a reducing alcohol intervention program for workers. Method: The intervention program employed one-group pretest-post-test design with repeated measuring by quasi-experimental study. The program was developed from literature review based on the Transtheoretical Model, and evaluated from April 6 to June 22, 2006. Sixteen white collar male workers participated. At the beginning, the subjects were at the pre-contemplation stage (50%) and contemplation stage (50%). The intervention was applied personally or in group twice a week for 9 weeks. Results: The scores of each stage of change in the post-test increased significantly compared with those in the pretest. The scores of process (cognitive and behavioral) of change in the post-test increased significantly compared with those in the pretest. The score of self-efficacy of change in the post-test increased significantly compared with that in the pretest. The score of pros-cons for drinking in the post-test decreased significantly compared with that in the pretest. The consumption of alcohol a week and a day in the post-test decreased significantly compared with that in the pretest. The levels in ALT, AST, GGT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, B.P. and BMI in the post-test did not decrease significantly compared with those in the pretest, but the level of FBS decreased significantly compared with that in the pretest. Conclusion: The above result informs us that a stage-based reducing alcohol intervention program for workers has the effect of increasing the stages of change, the process of change (cognitive and behavioral) and self-efficacy, and decreasing pros-cons for drinking alcohol consumption and FBS, and it also has a value as an effective means of nursing for workers.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.126-147
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• 2018

조선전기 제작된 관경변상도는 전환기 조선사회의 시대상 뿐 아니라 당시 사람들의 정토인식이 화면의 구성과 도상에 잘 투영되어 미술사적, 문화사적 가치가 높다. 조선 15세기 관경변상도는 모두 3점으로 이중 1435년 <지온지 관경변상도>와 1465년 <지온인 관경변상도>는 왕실인물과 고위승려의 발원으로 조성되었다. 이 두 작품은 1323년 <지온인 관경변상도>의 구성과 도상을 계승하면서 변화시켰을 뿐 아니라 고려후기에 융성했던 천태종(天台宗)의 정토신앙경향을 계승하고 있다. 이는 고려 왕실과 귀족사회에서 선호했던 자력적(自力的)인 정토신앙의 경향이 조선의 왕실에도 이어지고 있다는 것을 말해준다. 천태사상의 영향을 받은 정토신앙은 조선전기까지 계승되어 천태종이 불교의 통폐합과정에서 선종에 흡수되기 전까지 유지되었다. 천태정토신앙의 경향은 이 두 작품이 각각 천태승 행호와 행호를 진불(眞佛)로 모셨던 왕실의 어른 효령대군이 발원하였다는 사실로도 뒷받침된다. 한편 유교를 국가의 통치이념으로 내세운 조선사회가 안정화되어 감에 따라 관경변상도를 포함한 정토불화들은 점차 변화가 생기기 시작하였다. 이러한 변화는 교학적이고 자력적인 정토인식보다는 아미타불의 힘에 의해 구원받고자 했던 타력적인 정토신앙이 확산되는 시기와 맞물린다. 변화를 명확하게 보여주는 도상이 용선접인도상이다. 자력적인 정토왕생을 좀더 가치있다고 여겼던 시기에 제작된 <묘만지 미륵하생경변상도>의 용선접인 도상에서는 부처님의 인도를 받고 있지 않다. 이에 비해 조선전기의 용선접인 도상에서는 아미타부처님이 관음, 지장, 혹은 인로왕보살등과 함께 왕생자를 이끌고 배를 타고 있는 형상으로 묘사된다. 이는 아미타불의 원력으로 극락왕생한다는 타력왕생관을 상징적으로 표현한 것이다. 조선전기 제작된 3점의 관경변상도는 유교주의 사회에서 타력적인 신앙을 선호하는 정토신앙의 변화를 잘 보여주는 불화로서 매우 의미가 크다.