• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

PURPOSE: Sitting with crossed legs may have an effect on maintaining a healthy body posture and proper functioning of the respiratory system. Thus, this study's objective was to identify whether or not sitting with crossed legs affects the vertebral angle, chest wall mobility, the pulmonary function, and the activity of the respiratory muscles. METHODS: Thirty healthy subjects were recruited for this study (16 males and 14 females). The vertebral angle, chest wall mobility, pulmonary function, and the activity of the respiratory muscle were measured while the subjects sat in the correct posture and these factors were again measured with the subjects seated with their legs crossed. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to determine the trunk and lumbar vertebral angles. Surface electromyography was employed to measure the sternocleidomastoid, the rectus abdominis, and the external and internal oblique abdominis muscles. A tapeline was utilized to evaluate the subjects' chest wall mobility. Spirometry was assessed to determine the forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. Paired t-tests were then performed (p<.05). RESULTS: There were significant differences in the trunk and lumbar flexion angles, the chest wall mobility, the activity of the right external oblique muscle, and the left internal oblique abdominis muscle. However, the difference in pulmonary function did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: A crossed leg posture caused slight thoracic extension and lumbar flexion, which may lead to a decrease of the chest wall mobility and also to an imbalance of the abdominal muscles. Therefore, sitting with a crossed leg posture should be avoided. Yet a crossed leg posture did not have any clinical effect on the pulmonary function of healthy people. It may be necessary to study the effects of sitting with crossed legs over an extended period of time for patients suffering with impaired respiratory function.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.110-118
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• 2018

This study aimed to examine the postures and behaviors of high school sophomores in Gyeongnam Province in daily life and the relations between back pain and sitting postures, and to identify undesirable behaviors and postures in daily life, and the following conclusions were obtained. The relation between back pain and cupping the chin in one of the two hands in rotation or sitting with the legs crossed or sitting on a chair with the back and hip not leaning against the backrest was statistically significant (p<0.05). The results above indicated that high school sophomores in South Korea spend most of the day sitting on a chair in school and that undesirable behaviors using one side of the body, such as cupping the chin in one of the two hands in rotation or sitting with the legs crossed, cause back pain. In addition, those who sit on a chair with the back and hip leaning against the backrest experienced less back pain than those who did not, and exercises after school were found to be helpful to prevent back pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2022

Purpose: The impact of prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture on physiological factors has not been extensively studied. We therefore attempted to evaluate whether prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture affects pulmonary function in normal young adults. Methods: Twenty-four participants were recruited in this study, and the participants were equally allocated to the normal sitting posture group (NSP group, n=12) or sitting posture with the cross-legs group (SPCL group, n=12). The NSP group sat on chairs without crossing their legs for 30 minutes, and the SPCL group sat on the chair with legs crossed (the right knee on the left knee or the left knee on the right knee) for 30 minutes. The pulmonary function of the subjects was evaluated based on forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FVC/FEV1, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) measured using a spirometer. Results: In the intra-group comparison, the SPCL group showed significant differences in FVC and FEV1 before and after sitting (p<0.05), but no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the NSP group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the pulmonary function parameters measured before and after sitting (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our results confirmed that prolonged sitting in a cross-legged posture could have a negative influence on pulmonary function. Therefore, if a sitting position is maintained for a long time, the correct sitting posture should be maintained to prevent musculoskeletal disorders as well as to maintain normal pulmonary function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.307-317
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to form a calculation formula of the mean skin temperature on the human body in a heated room by the use of floor heating system. Korean traditional floor heating system is a long way from being defunct. The floor heating systems based on hot water have been coming into wide use mainly in the apartment house. However, it is considered that the design process and evaluation method for the floor heating systems in the standpoint of human being are not established so far. In the floor heating systems, air temperature as well as floor temperature should be considered as physical factors which affect the sensation of human body. Furthermore, extremely few studies have been performed on the sitting with legs crossed posture sedentary which is the typical dwelling life style of residents from the ancient times in Korea, while a large number of studies on the influence of the floor heating systems on the human body in standing and sitting on a chair sedentary have been carried out. Especially, it is essential to elucidate how mean skin temperature on the human body is affected by thermal conduction in the contact area between the sitting with legs crossed posture sedentary human body and floor including thermal radiation due to the combination of air temperature and floor temperature, but the studies dealt with such issues have hardly been performed. Based on the above statements, the influence of the environment condition due to the combination of air temperature and floor temperature is discussed in the present investigation through theoretical of mean skin temperature on the human body in the floor heating systems.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the activities of the abdominal muscles according to trunk stabilization exercises using Swiss ball in normal individuals. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Ten healthy university students participated in this study. The subjects were required to complete the following three exercise positions: Exercise position 1, sitting on a Swiss ball and lifting the legs; Exercise position 2, pushing to a plank position from an ending position; and Exercise position 3, push-up posture with the legs on a Swiss ball. Changes in the trunk muscle activities were estimated using Biometric electromyography (EMG). Activities of the dominant side internal oblique muscle (IOM) and external oblique muscle (EOM) were estimated in all participants. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC %) was measured to standardize the EMG signals for the IOM and EOM during maximum resistance when sitting up with each shoulder pointing towards the contralateral pelvis with knees bent and both arms crossed on the chest for 5 seconds. Results: There was a significant difference in the activity of the internal and external oblique muscles between Exercises 1 and 2 and Exercises 1 and 3 (p<0.05). Furthermore, the IOM/EOM activity ratio was the greatest during Exercise 3 and the smallest during Exercise 1. IOM and EOM activities were the greatest during Exercise 2 with greater EOM activity. Conclusions: In future studies, it will be necessary to investigate muscle activities by supplementing the above-mentioned limitations during the stabilization exercise. The results of this study may be used as a basis for controlling the intensity and frequency of exercise while prescribing trunk stabilization exercises.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.359-370
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for prevention of VDT syndrome by confirming VDT syndrome according to the type of computer use. The subjects recruited for the research were 518 students who were in the 4, 5, 6 grades from 5 schools in Seoul. The data were collected during the period from October 8 through October 18, 2004. The results were as follows; 1. The mean value of the VDT syndrome was 1.55 (SD=.52) for the 5th graders. 2. The degrees of VDT syndrome according to the characteristics of the subjects shows higher scores for the 5th and 6th graders, boys, students with more than 4 online friends, students with a low degree of school life satisfaction, and for students with parents who had a negative attitude for their children. 3. The degree of VDT syndrome according to the type of computer use showed higher scores when the students used computers for game more than for study, more than 11 hours in a week, more than 2 hours at one time, not having any rest, in dark places, with the monitor less than 40 an distance from the eyes, sitting with their legs crossed and when the keyboard was in a higher position than their elbows. The internet absorbed group showed higher scores than the unabsorbed group. 4. There was positive correlation between the hours of computer use and VDT syndrome. Also, internet addiction and VDT syndrome had positive correlation. Therefore, each home and society needs to pay consistent attention to correct computer use by their students. Especially, schools will have to educate about computer utilization and VDT syndrome.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2004

This study is to comprehend the interior space of the Royal Palace in the 15th Century, the early years of Joseon Dynasty. The subject of this study is limited to the center of the Royal Palace, that is Jeongjeon(正殿, the royal audience chamber) and Haengrang(行廊, which encloses Jeongjeon on four sides and has many rooms). It is very important to understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the space unified by the organic function of the interior and the exterior space. But there are few studies on the interior space of Jeongjeon and Haengrang at the Royal Palace. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the interior space of those buildings. The result of this study is following. Haengrang has several uses such as a night duty room, a storehouse, a government office or a banquet hall etc. So the interior spaces were finished with various methods that were suitable for the use of each room, and the material of the floor were the ground, Maru(the wooden floor) or Ondol(the Korean traditional heating system) There were held many kinds of ceremonies in Jeongjeon, and the government officials could not enter the inside of that building and took part in the ceremony on the front court of Jeongjeon, except the men performing the ceremony. But the high ranking officials could enter the inside when King gave a banquet and there, they prostrated themselves before King. They sat down with their legs crossed on the ground floor instead of sitting on a chair. When King held tea ceremony with Chinese envoys in Jeongjeon, they sat on Gyoui(交倚, a kind of armchair). Then, the government officials performing the ceremony in Jeongjeon prostrated himself around the King and the Chinese envoys and others stood around them.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.430-441
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• 2014

The present study is a descriptive survey to examine the knowledge of and attitudes towards musculoskeletal disorders and the bad postural habits in nursing students and to determine the relationships between the both sides. This study was performed using a structured questionnaire from September 2 through 17, 2013. The questionnaire copies collected from 272 nursing students were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The following are the results: First, the subjects won 2.75, 3.24 and 3.21 among 1 to 5 points in the knowledge of musculoskeletal disorders, the attitudes towards musculoskeletal disorders and the bad postural habits. Among the bad postural habits, they earned higher points in the postures of lying on the back in a sofa, carrying a bag on the shoulder and sitting with legs crossed. Second, significant negative correlations with the knowledge of and attitudes towards musculoskeletal disorders were shown only by the postures of sleeping lying on the side, lifting things with the waist bent at and sitting with hips placed on and no back attached to a chair. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to enhance the awareness that nursing students should correct their bad postural habits and to strengthen the knowledge of and attitudes towards musculoskeletal disorders at the time of developing any musculoskeletal health improvement program for nursing students.