• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1977

Many cases have been reported that a post spinal headache can be relieved immediately by an epidural injection of saline; and autologous blood also has recently been used successfully instead of saline. The changes of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure in 40 cases were observed in the present study in support of the concept; that a continuous leakage in association with hypovolemia and hypotension of the cerebrospinal fluid is the primary cause of a post spinal headache. Subarachnoid pressure increased immediately with saline injection into the lumber epidural space. A spinal needle was inserted into the subarachnoid space at the level of $L2{\sim}3$ and opening pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid was read. An epidural Tuohy needle was insertad at the$L3{\sim}4$ and 25m1 of saline was injected into the epidural space and the cerebrospinal fluid pressure was read in the sitting position. $\underline{Sitting\;Position:}$ Mean pressure after injection $555{\pm}(110.9)mm\;H_2O$, Pressure rise rise (%) 51.3%, Mean opening pressure $366{\pm}(52.2)mm\;H_{2}O$, $\underline{Lateral\;position:}$ Mean pressure after injection $308{\pm}(70.8)mm\;H_{2}O$, Pressure(%) 86.7%, Mean opening pressure $165{\pm}(42.6)mm\;H_{2}O$. These pressure changes responded almost simultaneously as saline was injected. This pressure rise of 51.3% in the sitting position and 86.7% in the lateral position are clinically very significant. Therefore, it is most possible that the immediate relieve of post, spinal headache by injection of fluid into the epidural space is simultaneous with the increase of the cerebrospinal fluid pressure.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.458-467
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was object to the effects of a resistance exercise combined with relaxation therapy on blood pressure, frequency of exercise and physical fitness in elderly women. Methods: Seventy three elderly women participated in an exercise program for 12 months. The exercise program consisted of stretching, massage and resistance training using thera-bands twice a week and 50 minutes in every sessions each week. Repeated measures ANOVA were performed using SAS. Results: After the exercise program there was a significant difference in systolic blood pressure, frequency of exercise, body fat, sitting to standing, walking 2 minutes, sitting on a chair and reaching, and standing on one leg with eyes opened. After 6 months, there was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and significant increase in frequency of exercise, body fat, sitting to standing and standing on one leg with eyes opened. In 12 months, there was a significant increase in body fat, 2 minutes walking, and sitting in a chair and reaching. Conclusion: Resistance exercise combined with muscle relaxation therapy would have a positive effect on elderly women. We found that it was helpful for the elderly women in terms of physical fitness.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective: As a cue for desired mood, we attempted to identify types of sitting postures when people are involved in various tasks during their working hours. Background: Physical behaviors in reaction to user contexts were studied, such as automated posture analysis for detecting a subject's emotion. Sitting postures have high feasibility and can be detected robustly with a sensing chair, especially when it comes to an office. Method: First, we attached seven sensors, including six pressure sensors and one distance sensor, to an office chair. In Part 1, we recorded participants' postures while they took part in four different tasks. From the seven sensors, we gathered five sets of data related to the head, the lumbar, the hip, thigh pressure and the distance between the backrest and the body. We classified them into four postures: leaning forward, upright, upright with the lumbar supporting, and leaning backward. In part 2, we requested the subjects to take suitable poses for the each of the four task types. In this way, we compared the matches between postures and tasks in a natural setting to those in a controlled situation. Results: We derived four types of sitting postures that were mapped onto the different tasks. The comparison yielded no statistical significance between Parts 1 and 2. In addition, there was a significant association between the task types and the posture types. Conclusion: The users' sitting postures were related to different types of tasks. This study demonstrates how human emotion can interact with lighting, as mediated through physical behavior. Application: We developed a posture-based lighting system that manipulates the quality of office lighting and is operated by changes in one's posture. Facilitated by this system, color temperatures ranging between 3,000K and 7,000K and illuminations ranging between 300lx and 700lx were modulated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-427
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory responses to postures under different environmental conditions and to obtain the basal information for standard clothing weight, indoor climates, and working condition. Two adult female (22.5yrs, 46kg) were participated in this study. The experimental conditions were divided into three groups ; 1) comfort($27{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$), 2) hot($34{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$), and 3) cold($21{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}10%$) condition. The postures performed were as follows; standing, sitting on the chair, sitting on the floor, and supine on the floor. At each condition, subjective sensations, 12 points skin temperature, rectal temperature, total and local sweat rate, pulse rates, blood pressure, skin blood flow rate were measured. The results were as follows : 1. Rectal temperature was high significant among groups in order of supine, sitting on the floor, sitting on the chair, standing posture(p<0.01). 2. Skin temperature was high in part of contact with the surface of the floor or wall and the effect of posture was greater in peripheral temperature than torso temperature. Sitting on the chair and sitting on the floor posture showed higher peripheral temperature than standing and supine posture. And peripheral temperature was lower in supine posture than any other postures. 3. Total and local sweat rate were decreased in order of standing, sitting on the chair, sitting on the floor, supine posture. 4. Pulse rate and disastolic blood pressure were higher in standing posture than supine posture, and there was significant difference between two postures(p<0.001). 5. Blood flow rate of thigh was high in sitting on the chair and sitting on the floor posture and low in standing posture. Blood flow rate of leg was low in standing posture significantly(p<0.01). 6. In comfort and hot condition, temperature sensation and comfort sensation were higher in standing posture and lower in supine posture than any other postures. In cold condition, temperature sensation was lower and comfort sensation was higher in standing and supine posture than any other postures. And supine posture was appeared positive in hot condition and negative in cold condition. From this study, we confirmed the effects of posture on human thermoregulatory responses. Results indicate that even under same conditions and clothing weight, the insulation of clothing will be different to postures.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.7
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• pp.940-945
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• 2018

In this study, we make a study on a system to determine a person's sitting posture by measuring the distribution of pressure in the floor of a chair or in a cushion using pressure sensors. If the wrong sitting posture is detected, a warning message is given through the vibration motor in real time to correct the imbalance of the wrong habits and posture, and prevent Bulging disc or Herniated disc.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.267-279
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• 2014

Objective: The objective of this study was to define the Dynamic Sitting (DS) through trend analysis and research on the Dynamic Chair (DC) and applied technologies. Background: The effects of changing posture on the human body have been studied to find out healthy sitting postures. It is believed that changing posture is effective in reducing disc pressure on spinal cord and preventing back pain and musculoskeletal disease. But, the definition of DS and trends of DC have not been researched yet. Therefore, trend analysis of DC and its applied technologies are required to define dynamic sitting posture. Method: We researched the type of occupant postures from previous studies. And then, sitting behaviors were classified into three types; (1) sitting and standing, (2) working and studying, (3) taking a rest. Results: Variety shapes of DC and applied technologies were found out. From the result, the trend of DC and applied technology were summarized from three perspectives. ; (1) changing the chair functions according to user's intention, (2) conversion of dynamic chair technologies to office chair mechanism, (3) enables the user to change their sitting posture without operating control device. Conclusion: From this study, we defined dynamic sitting posture and analyzed the trend of DC and its applied technologies. This result might be used to develop an office chair for healthy sitting. But further investigation is required to figure out the technologies and functions for development of healthy chair. Application: The results of the publishing trend analysis might help to determine design concept of office chair.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2014

The purpose of this document is to provide basic data helpful in selecting seating device material by examining the affects of polyurethane foam material on seating pressure. In order to achieve this study objective, four seats, 6cm in height, were produced in hardness of: 13, 28, 25, and $45kg/cm^2$. To measure the sitting pressure distribution (depending on the characteristics of the produced seats), 10 healthy subjects participated in the experiment. XSENSOR was used a measuring device, and each seat was mounted on a wheelchair simulation. By analyzing the obtained data with Average Pressure(AP), Peak Pressure(PP,), and Contact Area(CA), the sitting pressure was measured for five minutes on each seat. This experiment showed the following results: There were significant differences between the AP, PP, and CA in the seat material (p<0.5). While the hardness of $18kg/cm^2$ showed low pressure, the hardness of $45kg/cm^2$ showed high pressure. This study also showed that seat material made of polyurethane should be considered when selecting seats. If polyurethane foam is used in seat recommendations, it will be recommended to use $18kg/cm^2$ for the proper hardness of the seat material.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.645-646
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• 2006

Pressure-induced decubitus is a serious disease among the elderly people. Interface pressure occluding vascular perfusion is known to be a cause of decubitus. Therefore, it is essential to quantify the relationship between vascular perfusion and interface pressure among the elderly people. Nine elderly normal people ($57.8{\pm}5.6\;years,\;63.3{\pm}7.0kg,\;1.68{\pm}0.05m$) were participated. Pressure was applied on the ischial tuberosity in the sitting posture from 0mmHg to 135mmHg as capillary vascular perfusion was recorded. The average interface pressure to occlude vascular perfusion under the ischial tuberosity is 120mmHg. Vascular perfusion values at the capillary occlusion is often lower than 60% of the vascular perfusion at 15mmHg. Higher sampling number is required to have more accurate results.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.218-222
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• 2017

Purpose: Driving is an important activity that is affected by various motor and cognitive deficits after stroke. On the other hand, there is no standard screening tool to evaluate the sitting asymmetry during driving, which is the stereotyped postural characteristic observed in patients with stroke. Therefore, this study compared the buttock pressure during simulated driving between healthy adults and patients with stroke. Methods: Ten post-stroke patients and ten healthy subjects participated in the experiment. The participants experienced simulated driving of 6.1 km during approximately 5 minutes for adaptation. The driving scenario consisted of 3.5 km urban traffic conditions, 10 km straight highway, and 7 km curved or hilly rural roads. Force sensitive application (FSA) was used to analyze the distribution of the buttock pressure on the driver's seat. The symmetry index (SI) was determined using the average buttock pressure of each side of the buttock. The closer SI is to zero, the higher the symmetry of buttock pressure. Results: These studies showed that the SI of healthy subjects was significantly closer to zero than that of the stroke patients. Conclusion: The buttock pressure of the stroke patients showed more asymmetry than that of the healthy subjects during simulated driving. Therefore, a therapeutic approach is needed for symmetrical sitting to improve the driving performance.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2022

Objective: This study was to identify the effect of pressure biofeedback applied in various postures that allow the application of abdominal drawing-in. Design: A cross sectional study. Methods: The study intended to compare changes in the thickness of abdominal muscles between different postures when abdominal drawing-in was performed using a pressure biofeedback unit in five postures and to compare differences in terms of measures such as the transverse abdominis's preferential activation ratio(PAR). Data measured from 30 healthy individuals were used for data analysis. A paired t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to compare the thickness of each abdominal muscle. Results: The transverse abdominis's and internal oblique's thickness showed statistically significant differences in all postures when abdominal drawing-in (p<0.05). In the comparison between the postures, statistically significant differences were observed between the positions of hook-lying and wall support standing and between supine and wall support standing and between hook-lying and sitting (p<0.05). In terms of the transverse abdominis's PAR in each posture, statistically significant differences were observed between hook-lying and quadruped, hook-lying and sitting, hook-lying and wall support standing, quadruped and supine, sitting and supine, as well as wall support standing and supine (p<0.05). Conclusions: When abdominal drawing-in using pressure biofeedback unit is performed for stabilization exercises, selecting and applying specific postures according to targeted muscles and the subject's functional ability will help provide a more efficient and accurate intervention.