• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2024

Background: Individuals with pes planus tend to overuse the extrinsic foot muscles, such as the tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL), to compensate for the weakened intrinsic foot muscles, such as the abductor hallucis (AbdH). Furthermore, differences in weight-bearing can affect the activity of muscles in both the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles. To date, no study has compared the effects of the short foot exercise (SFE) and toe spread-out exercise (TSO) on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle activity and the corresponding ratios in different weight-bearing positions. Objects: To compare the effects of the SFE and TSO on AbdH, TA, and PL activity and the AbdH/TA and AbdH/PL activity ratios in the sitting and standing positions in individuals with pes planus. Methods: Twenty participants with pes planus were recruited. Surface electromyography was used to assess the amplitudes of AbdH, TA, and PL activity. Participants performed both exercises while adopting both the sitting and standing positions. Results: No significant interaction between exercise and position was found regarding the activity of any muscle or ratio of the activity, except for PL activity. We observed a significant increase in AbdH activity during the TSO compared to the SFE, and no significant difference in TA and PL activity between the two exercises. AbdH, TA, and PL activity were significantly higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. Furthermore, the AbdH/PL activity ratio significantly increased in the sitting position, although there was a significant increase in AbdH activity in the standing position. Conclusion: In individuals with pes planus, we recommend performing the TSO in the sitting position, which may increase the activity of the AbdH while concurrently decreasing the activity of the TA and PL, thus strengthening the AbdH.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

Purpose : This study's purpose is consideration about change of the hand grip strength according to different posture and shoulder flexion angle. The shoulder joint permits the greatest mobility and carries out the important function of stabilization for hand use. Hand grip activity is important to evaluate while assessing loads of shoulder in hand mobilities. Methods : Thirty(15 male, 15 female) college students with unknown shoulder dysfunction participated subject in five different positions of elbow extension with sitting and standing posture, different positions is followed : (1) shoulder $0^{\circ}$ flexion (2) shoulder $45^{\circ}$ flexion (3) shoulder $90^{\circ}$ flexion (4) shoulder $135^{\circ}$ flexion (5) shoulder $180^{\circ}$ flexion. Results : On the average, in the hand grip strength, the standing posture is higher than sitting posture. Sitting posture showed a most high level at the man's $0^{\circ}$ and woman's $135^{\circ}$. And standing posture showed a most high level at the man's $135^{\circ}$ and woman's $90^{\circ}$. Conclusion : The paired t-test was used to determine the different in grip strength between sitting and standing posture by shoulder angle change. There was no significant difference between the five position by sitting and standing posture. In man, correlation analysis revealed significant connection for all five position by sitting and standing posture. And in woman, correlation analysis revealed connection for all five position by sitting and standing posture.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare sitting balance and coordination spastic cerebral palsy in children using the Korean version of Trunk Impairment Scale (K-TIS) as well as to provide basic data about effective postural control treatment for clinicians handling these two types. METHODS: The K-TIS was measured in 29 children diagnosed with diplegic and quadriplegic cerebral palsy (18 with diplegia and 11 with quadriplegia). The average and standard scores of the children's K-TIS subscales and items of the two groups were measured. The two groups' subscales and items were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Static sitting balance, dynamic sitting balance, coordination, and total score for children with diplegia were statistically high (p<.05). For all items under static sitting balance, the score for children with diplegia was higher. The first differences in the repeated items of dynamic sitting balance and coordination area that rotates between the upper and lower body were presented. CONCLUSION: The difference in balance and coordination in sitting positions is exhibited in children with diplegia and quadriplegia. For children with spastic quadriplegia, treatments should focus on static sitting balance and coordination, together with a focus on dynamic sitting balance and coordination.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.341-348
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activities of the thoracic extensor(TE) and lumbar extensor(LE) during trunk lift (TL) exercise according to exercise position. Seventeen healthy subjects with no medial history of back pain were recruited for this study. Subjects performed the TL exercise in prone, quadruped and heel-sitting positions. The activities of the TE and LE were measured using surface electromyography during TL exercise in each exercise position. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the normalized muscle activities of the TE and LE and the TE/LE ratio. The results showed that there was not significant effect of exercise position on the muscle activities of TE(p>.05). However, there was significant effect of exercise position on the muscle activities of LE and the TE/LE ratio(p>.05). Post hoc pair-wise comparisons with Bonferroni correction showed that both muscle activities of LE and TE/LE ratio in prone position were significantly different in those in heel-sitting and quadruped positions, during TL exercise, respectively. The TE/LE ratio was the greatest for TL exercise in heel-sitting position. Therefore, for selective activation of the TE muscle, we recommend performing the TL exercise in heel-sitting or quadruped position.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the respiratory cycle and posture can modulate the autonomic nervous system. Methods : Thirty-two healthy men and women, aged 20-30 years, were enrolled in this study. We conducted 2-second and 6-second respiratory cycle with the subjects in standing, sitting, and supine positions, respectively. Their heart rate variability was measured in each position for both cycle lengths. Results : The low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio is derived from heart rate variability. In the 2-second respiratory cycles, the LF/HF ratios were highest in standing, sitting, and supine position in descending order. There was a significant difference in heart rate between standing and sitting positions (P<.005). In addition, there was a significant difference in heart rate between standing and supine position (P<.000). In the 6-second respiratory cycles, the LF/HF ratios were again highest in a standing, sitting, and supine position in descending order. However, posture was not found to make a significant difference in this case. Conclusion : Respiratory cycle and posture effectively modulated the autonomic nervous system. Further studies of the clinical application of these results should be conducted.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2009

This study examined the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and the vastus lateralis (VL) onset time differences (OTD) during quadriceps contraction in different hip positions. Twelve healthy subjects were recruited (four men, eight women). Surface EMG activities of the VMO and VL were measured during a quadriceps strengthening exercise in a long sitting condition and in a sitting at a chair with feet hanging condition. For each condition, subjects were tested in two hip positions (neutral and adduction). The OTD between the two muscles was calculated for each condition, by subtracting the onset time of the VL from the VMO. Therefore, the negative value of OTD represent earlier EMG onset of the VMO compared to the VL. The OTD was not significantly different between the hip neutral and the hip adduction position in the long sitting condition (p=.064). However, the OTD was significantly different between the hip neutral position ($15.83{\pm}109.51$ ms) and hip adduction position ($-5.58{\pm}121.08$ ms) during the sitting at a chair with feet hanging condition (p=.047). The negative OTD value in the hip adduction condition during quadriceps strengthening exercises is the result of earlier onset of the VMO than VL. Therefore, quadriceps contraction in the hip adduction position can prevent the risk of patella lateral tracking. We expect that quadriceps strengthening exercise in the hip adduction position will be a safe way to prevent patellofemoral pain syndrome resulting from abnormal patella lateral tracking.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.20-23
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• 2012

Objective : To compare radiographic analysis on the sagittal lumbar curve when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor. Methods : Thirty asymptomatic volunteers without a history of spinal pathology were recruited. The study population comprised 11 women and 19 men with a mean age of 29.8 years. An independent observer assessed whole lumbar lordosis (WL) and segmental lordosis (SL) between L1 and S1 using the Cobb's angle on lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine obtained from normal individuals when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor. WL and SL at each segment were compared for each position. Results : WL when sitting on the floor was reduced by 72.9% than the average of that in the standing position. Of the total decrease in WL, 78% occurred between L4 to S1. There were significant decreases in SL at all lumbar spinal levels, except L1-2, when sitting on the floor as compared to when standing and sitting on a chair. Changes in WL between the positions when sitting on a chair and when sitting on the floor were mostly contributed by the loss of SL at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels. Conclusion : When sitting on the floor, WL is relatively low; this is mostly because of decreasing lordosis at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels. In the case of lower lumbar fusion, hyperflexion is expected at the adjacent segment when sitting on the floor. To avoid this, sitting with a lordotic lumbar curve is important. Surgeons should remember to create sufficient lordosis when performing lower lumbar fusion surgery in patients with an oriental life style.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a light load while sitting on transverse abdominis contraction in subjects with and without low back pain. Methods: In this study, 20 participants with chronic low back pain and 20 controls participated. Ultrasonography was used to assess the thickness of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles. Muscle thickness was measured at rest and during ADIM in three different sitting postures: (1) just sitting, (2) sitting loaded position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand), and (3) sitting loaded shoulder flexion position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand). Results: The contraction ratio (CR) and preferential activation ratio (PAR) of the TrA during ADIM had no significant interactional effect between the group and the sitting postures. However, the CR and PRA of the TrA during the ADIM showed significant differences among the three different sitting postures. The CR of the TrA during the ADIM in the sitting loaded shoulder flexion position was significantly increased compared to that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Moreover, the PRA of the TrA muscle during ADIM in sitting loaded and sitting loaded shoulder flexion positions was significantly higher than that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that ADIM in the sitting-loaded shoulder flexion position should be implemented to facilitate TrA activity.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare trunk repositioning errors between subjects with and without low back pain in sitting and standing. Methods : Total 81 participants were recruited who consisted of 41 subjects with low back pain and 40 normal subjects. The subjects were instructed to replicate the predetermined target positions of the trunk toward upright and $30^{\circ}$ flexion in sitting and standing. During each of movement, digital inclinometer was used to measure the angular movement of $T_{12}$ spinal process. Repositioning error was calculated as the absolute difference between the predetermined target positions and replicated target positions. Results : In subjects with low back pain, upright repositioning error was $1.26^{\circ}{\pm}0.14^{\circ}$ in sitting and $1.55^{\circ}{\pm}0.24^{\circ}$ in standing, and $30^{\circ}$ flexion repositioning error was $3.23^{\circ}{\pm}0.33^{\circ}$ in sitting and $5.50^{\circ}{\pm}0.50^{\circ}$ in standing. In subjects without low back pain, upright repositioning error was $1.38^{\circ}{\pm}0.15^{\circ}$ in sitting and $1.67^{\circ}{\pm}0.18^{\circ}$ in standing, and flexion repositioning error was $2.61^{\circ}{\pm}0.28^{\circ}$ in sitting and $3.70^{\circ}{\pm}0.52^{\circ}$ in standing. It was demonstrated that flexion repositioning error increased significantly in standing position. In subjects with low back pain, $30^{\circ}$ flexion repositioning error was significantly higher in standing than in sitting. Conclusion : The repositioning error of subjects with low back pain increased during flexion and it implies that some aspects of proprioception are decreased in subjects with low back pain. Therefore, it will be emphasis that a clinical trial to increase the trunk flexion stability of subjects with low back pain in standing.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to apply joint mobilization in a sitting position and in a prone position to patients with acute mechanical neck pain and compare the immediate treatment effects in these two positions. METHODS: After the baseline was assessed, 46 patients were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental group I ($n_1=23$) for joint mobilization in the sitting position and experimental group II ($n_2=23$) for joint mobilization in the prone position at the symptomatic cervical level. The patients in both groups received treatment by unilateral posterior-anterior gliding for 30 seconds per trial, 10 trials per session, for a total of 5 minutes, and two trials of 10 active extending motions with distraction per trial. RESULTS: In the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, all the pain and physical function variables were significantly improved after intervention in both groups (p<.05). In the Mann-Whitney U test, which compared the differences before and after the intervention between the two groups, experimental group I showed significant improvement over experimental group II in resting pain (p<.01), satisfaction with the treatment (p=.01), left rotation (p<.01) and CCFE (p<.01). In the analysis of covariance results, experimental group I showed significant improvement over experimental group II in the most painful motion pain (p<.01) and the most painful quadrant motion pain (p<.01). CONCLUSION: These outcomes suggest that joint mobilization should be applied in sitting positions for patients with acute mechanical neck pain that feel pain during sustained positions, extension or rotation.