• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.314-327
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• 1992

Insecticide resistance is a serious is a serious threat to IPM, resulting in various adverse effects not to mention the loss of yield in agriculture. One approach to counter the problem is the disruption of resistance mechanisms. This can be achieved by (1) compounds which show a negative correlation with resistance at the site of action, (2) specific metabolic inhibitors which serve as synergists, or (3) a certain combination of two insecticides producing a joint action. This approach, however, requires certain precautions for the side effects may cause an increase in toxicity to mammals. Owing to the recent advances in theoretical studies on resistance management employing computer simulation and mathematical models, a few principles to reduce the risk of development of resistance have been clarified. They are helpful in designing operational strategies with regard to, for instance, insecticide doses to be applied, mode of application, and choice and nature of the insecticide(s) to be used. For restoration of insecticide susceptibility of a resistant population, reintroduction of susceptible individuals to the resistant population is feasible when certain conditions are met. Natural enemies which developed resistance to insecticides can be an important component of IPM as has been shown in the pest management in apple orchards. After all, the implementation of a successful resistance management program depends upon cooperation between different sigments of the agricutural community. Although resistance is a preadaptive phenomenon, in some cases spontaneous loss of resistance does occur without contamination by susceptible individuals. The instability of resistance in these insects implies the possible existence of a switch machanism controlling the expression of resistance gene(s). Elucidation of such a mechanism may eventually provide us with a new technical approach with which we can combat the problem of insecticide resistance.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted in ischemic decerebrate cats to study the effects of electroacupuncture and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on pain reaction. Flexion reflex was used as an index of pain. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve(20 V, 0.5 msec duration) and recorded as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Electroacupuncture was performed, using a 23-gauge hyperdermic needle, on the tsusanli point in the lateral upper tibia of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The common peroneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve which may be associated with electroacupuncture action, as it runs through the tissue portion under the tsusanli point. Both for electroacupuncture and the stimulation of common peroneal nerve a stimulus of 20 V-intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The electroacupuncture markedly depressed the flexion reflex; this effect was eliminated by systemic application of naloxone $(0.02{\sim}0.12\;mg/kg)$, a specific narcotic antagonist. 2) Similarly, the electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve significantly depressed the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone. 3) When most of the afferent nerves excluding sural nerve in the ipsilateral hindlimb were cut, the effect of electroacupuncture on the flexion reflex was not observed. Whereas direct stimulation of the common peroneal nerve at the proximal end from the cut resulted in a significant reduction of the flexion reflex, again the effect was reversible by naloxone application. 4) Transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic 12 did not eliminate the effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on the flexion reflex and its reversal by naloxone, although the effect was significantly less than that in the animal with spinal cord intact. These results suggest that: 1) the analgesic effect of an electroacupuncture is directly mediated by the nervous system and involves morphine-like substances in CNS, 2) the site of analgesic action of electroacupuncture resides mainly in the brainstem and in part in the spinal cord.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.27-46
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• 2023

이 연구는 국가 생물다양성 전략 및 행동계획(NBSAP)을 수립하기 위해 자연유산에 OECMs(Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures)을 적용하는 가능성을 탐구하였다. 자연유산 중 하나인 천연기념물 당산목과 관련된 생태적 특성과 문화적 특성을 조사하고 수집한 정보들을 종합하여 보전 가치를 확인하였고 IUCN의 개별 평가 도구 기준에 따라 대상지인 당산목이 당산제를 통해 지역공동체를 반영한 OECM으로 지정될 수 있는지 가능성을 검토하였다. 연구 결과, 당산목과 당산제는 후보 OECM으로 긍정적으로 평가되며, 국가 생물다양성 전략(NBSAP) 수립을 위한 전략에 있어서는 문화재청에서 실시하고 있는 '당산나무 할아버지 제도'와 '자연유산 민속행사 국고지원사업' 등이 지역 공동체를 자발적으로 참여시키는데 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 결론을 내렸다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 토대로, 국가 생물다양성 전략(NBSAP) 수립을 위한 국가별 지표로서 당산목과 같은 자연성지가 생물다양성 보전을 위한 2030년 목표와 자연과 조화로운 삶을 위한 2050년 목표에 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3735-3742
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• 2013

Background: Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom), also known as "Queen of Spices", has been traditionally used as a culinary ingredient due to its pleasant aroma and taste. In addition to this role, studies on cardamom have demonstrated cancer chemopreventive potential in in vitro and in vivo systems. Nevertheless, the precise poly-pharmacological nature of naturally occurring chemo-preventive compounds in cardamom has still not been fully demystified. Methods:In this study, an effort has been made to identify the proapoptopic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic targets of Cardamom's bioactive principles (eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene and geraniol) by employing a dual reverse virtual screening protocol. Experimentally proven target information of the bioactive principles was annotated from bioassay databases and compared with the virtually screened set of targets to evaluate the reliability of the computational identification. To study the molecular interaction pattern of the anti-tumor action, molecular docking simulation was performed with Auto Dock Pyrx. Interaction studies of binding pose of eucalyptol with Caspase 3 were conducted to obtain an insight into the interacting amino acids and their inter-molecular bondings. Results:A prioritized list of target proteins associated with multiple forms of cancer and ranked by their Fit Score (Pharm Mapper) and descending 3D score (Reverse Screen 3D) were obtained from the two independent inverse screening platforms. Molecular docking studies exploring the bioactive principle targeted action revealed that H- bonds and electrostatic interactions forms the chief contributing factor in inter-molecular interactions associated with anti-tumor activity. Eucalyptol binds to the Caspase 3 with a specific framework that is well-suited for nucleophilic attacks by polar residues inside the Caspase 3 catalytic site. Conclusion:This study revealed vital information about the poly-pharmacological anti-tumor mode-of-action of essential oils in cardamom. In addition, a probabilistic set of anti-tumor targets for cardamom was generated, which can be further confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2010

Background: In belly-tendon (bipolar) montage, reference (R2) electrode placed on muscle's tendon has traditionally been considered to be electrically inactive. However, recent studies have revealed that R2 electrode is not simply referential, but actively contributes to compound muscle action potential (CMAP) waveform morphology. These findings suggest that CMAP onset latency and amplitude may also be influenced by the position of R2 electrode. This study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of R2 electrode position on CMAP onset latency and amplitude. Methods: We performed motor nerve conduction studies of median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves on bilateral limbs of 20 normal subjects. We used traditional bipolar and monopolar montage and compared their CMAP onset latencies and amplitudes. In bipolar montage, recording (R1) electrode was placed on mid-belly of muscle with R2 electrode on the tendon of the muscle. In monopolar montage, R1 electrode was placed on the same site of bipolar montage, while R2 electrode was placed on the contralateral limb. Results: The mean CMAP onset latencies of median and peroneal nerves in bipolar montage were significantly different (p<0.05) with those in monopolar montage. And those of ulnar and tibial nerves were not significantly different (p>0.05). The mean CMAP amplitudes of all the tested nerves except ulnar nerve were significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that change in R2 electrode position can affect the CMAP onset latency and amplitude, and these differences seem to be related to the generation of far field potential by CMAP.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.464-473
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• 1999

Regulation of phosphcholine-hydrolyzing phosphatase (phosphocholine-phosphatase) activity, purified from bovine brain, was examined under physiological conditions. Various endogenous phosphomonoesters, which were utilized as substrate, inhibited the phosphocoline-phosphatase activity competitively (Ki 5.5-$82.0 {\mu}M$); among phosphomonoesters tested, there was a similar order of capability between the binding affinity of substrate and the inhibitory potency. In addition, phosphate ions also inhibited the phosphatase activity competitively with a Ki value of approximately $16{\mu}M$. Although leucine or theophylline inhibited the phosphatase activity at pH 9.0, their inhibitory action decreased greatly at pH 7.4. The pH-Km and pH-Vm profiles indicate that ionizable amino acids are involved in substrate binding as well as catalysis, alluding that the phosphatase activity may be highly dependent on the intracellular pH. Amino acid modification study supports the existence of tyrosine, arginine or lysine residue in the active site, and the participation of tyrosine residue in the catalytic action may e suggested positively for the susceptibility to the action of tetranitromethane or HOl-generator. Separately, the oxidative inactivation of phosphocholine-phosphatase activity was investigated. Of oxidants tested, HOONO, HOCl, HOl and $ascorbate/Cu^{2+}$ system were effective to inactivate the phosphatase activity. Noteworthy, a remarkable inativation was accomplished by $30{\mu}M$ HOCl in combination with 1 mM Kl. Inaddition, $Cu^{2+}(3{\mu}M) $in combination with ascorbate at concentrations as low as 0.1-0.3 mM reduced the phosphatase activity to a great extent. From these results, it is proposed that the phosphocholine-phosphatase activity may be regulated endogenously and susceptible to the various oxidant system in vivo.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2011

구조용 형강을 사용하는 격자형 합성바닥판은 비교적 신속한 시공과 보수시 교통통제를 최소화할 수 있는 장점으로 인해 1930년대 이후 현재까지 다양한 단면상세가 연구개발 되고 있다. 강형의 상부 일부만 콘크리트와 합성된 형태를 취하는 격자형 합성바닥판은 강형이 완전히 매입되는 형태에 비해 자중이 작고 공장에서 프리캐스트 제작이 가능하여 원거리의 현장이나 산악지역과 같이 건설조건이 열악한 경우에도 적용이 가능한 구조이다. 본 연구에서는 형강이 노출된 격자형 강합성 바닥판을 각종 기반시설물의 수평지지구조에 적용하고자 형강과 콘크리트의 합성을 위한 전단연결부의 형식과 격자형 구조에서 형강을 서로 연결하는 가로막대의 간격, 상부 콘크리트 슬래브의 두께 등을 변수로 휨실험을 하였고, 휨성능 및 합성거동을 비교 평가하였다. 이를 통해 설계변수 변화에 따른 구조거동의 변화를 비교 검토할 수 있었고, 적절한 전단연결방식 및 단면제원에 대한 기본자료를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.245-258
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• 2020

이 연구는 한국 포털사이트 네이버에 연재된 학원물 웹툰 열편의 폭력 장면에서 나타난 폭력의 빈도, 유형, 그리고 맥락을 분석했다. 내용 분석 결과 작품 1회 당 2.15건의 PAT(Perpetrator-Action-Target)이 나타났다. 폭력의 유형으로는 물리적 폭력이 전체 PAT의 73.2%를 차지하며 가장 많이 나타났다. 등장인물의 캐릭터 특성을 보면 폭력 가해자의 외모가 뛰어난 것으로 설정된 경우가 53.6%인 것으로 나타났다. 폭력 가해자의 캐릭터가 영웅인 경우가 35.9%, 악당인 경우는 37.3%인 것으로 나타났다. 가해자와 피해자가 친구 사이인 경우가 60.8%를 차지했다. 과도한 신체표현, 오버액션, 말풍선과 같은 표현 기법으로 폭력 장면을 희화한 한 장면이 66.7%인 것으로 나타났다. 폭력 동기로는 개인과 집단의 이익과 신념을 위한 수단(29.4%)이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났고, 단순 재미(20.9%)가 그 다음을 차지했다. 폭력에 대한 처벌이나 보상을 알 수 없는 경우(79.9%)가 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제24권4호통권79호
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• pp.255-264
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• 1996

호알카리성 진균 Cephalosporium sp. RYM-202가 생산하는 alkaline xylanase (CX-III)의 작용에 의해 xylan 기질로부터 생성되는 주요 가수분해 산물은 xylobiose와 중합도가 4이상인 xylooligosaccharides이었다. 이 효소는 xylobiose에 대한 분해능을 가지고 있지 않지만 xylotriose로부터는 xylobiose를, xlyotetraose로부터 xylobiose와 xylotriose를 주산물로 형성하였다. 이러한 결과들은 CX-III가 transglycosidase 활성을 소유하는 전형적인 endo-type xylanase임을 보여준다. N-bromosuccinimide에 의한 CX-III의 화학적 변환 실험결과 효소 1분자 당 2개의 tryptophan 잔기가 활성에 관여하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 iodoacetamide 및 diethylpyrocarbonate에 의한 효소활성의 저해효과는 나타나지 않음으로써 이 효소의 활성부위에 cysteine과 histidine 잔기가 필수적이지 않음이 확인되었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2005

[ $PGE_1$ ] is an endogenous substance of potent vasodialator as well as inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It has been used therapeutically in peripheral arterial occlusive disease and impotence. Intracavernous injection of $PGE_1$ for erectile dysfunction has been established for several years as a treatment option for erectile dysfunction of diverse etiologies, but this mode of administration is limited by penile discomfort, pain at the injection site, inconvenience and noncompliance. As the matter of worse, the $\beta-hydroxy$ moiety of $PGE_1$ is extremely susceptible to dehydration in solution to give inactive $PGA_1$ and $PGB_1$. For the improvement of stability, rapid absorption at action site and the convenience of application, $PGE_1$ was formulated as urethral suppositories of three types of formulations, such as PEG, witepsol, and the mixture of PEG and witepsol. The stability test of $PGE_1$ and the release test in urinary suppositories were performed. Futhermore, the effect of enhancers and vehicle composition on the penetration of $PGE_1$ through excised rat skin was evaluated by permeability coefficient and enhancement ratio.