• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 2002

Fashion has been analyzed and explained in diverse ways. Fashion, like every phase of culture, is a reflection of the Zeitgeist. In order to understand the changing fashion we must understand the changing society. For fashion of a period are expressions of the interrelation of the various elements of the culture, including the social and political values, the economic and industrial progress, art, the development of technology, etc... Particularly fashion is closely connected with a style of art. In a style of art, futurism focused on the "dynamism" resulting from super-speed and high-technology. This study aimed to review literatures, fashion magazines, web-site in order to know how the dynamism of futurism is expressed in modern fashion. The results of this study were as follows; 1. Dynamism was expressed by means of lines, colors, patterns through the eyesights visually. Asymmetrical oblique lines, zig-zag lines or bold cutting expressed the mechanical and offensive dynamism. In contrast, such lines as curves and spirals expressed the soft and natural dynamism. Primary colors or complementary contrast expressed energetic and rhythmical dynamism. The geometrical patterns and automobile wheels patterns expressed dynamism resulting from mechanical aesthetics. 2. Dynamism was expressed through repeat of lines, colors, patterns, and textiles. Particularly Vinyl material, fluorescent material, metallic material, beads, and spangle expressed a strong dynamism. On the other hand, natural materials, paper and other similar ones are used to signify the orientation towards a futuristic high-technology society.y society.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 2002

The functions and uses of existing buildings are not properly changing as modern life needs. As a result, the frequent reconstruction(construction after removal) of existing buildings have been done but it became more and more difficult because of strengthening of regulations and systems concerning construction. And also it has several disadvantages like lower plot ratio and site coverage than existed buildings, enormous construction cost, production of waste-construction materials and thoughtless consumption of natural resources, which gives rise to environmental pollution. Therefore renovation is brought to the fore. In Korea, many business buildings were constructed in 1960s-1970s, during the period of high growth. Such buildings needs to be repaired in whole. It is caused by the change of social, economic, and cultural conditions and deterioration of equipments. Therefore renovation meets some necessary conditions; recovery of building functions and extension of building life span. In case study, the present state of renovation in business buildings is 1) Basic safety, for example, fire prevention and crime prevention, is great important. 2) Advanced technology, INS(international news service), IBS(Intelligent Building System), and internationalization, is pursued for adapting to multimedia ages. 3) It tries to promote proficiency, and to save the energy using spatial environment and natural energy(light and sound). Also, improving comfortable level of users and installing equipments for physically handicapped person needs to be considered.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.248-256
• /
• 2019

Most of the lakes in Korea are artificial, and their limnological characteristics are significantly different from those of natural lakes in other countries. In this study, the relationship between trophic state parameters was investigated, based on summer average data of the upper layer, in 81 lakes in Korea, 2013-2017. Compared with trends of foreign natural lakes, chlorophyll a (Chl.a) concentration was slightly lower at the same total phosphorus (TP) concentration, and transparency (Secchi depth, SD) was noticeably lower at the same Chl.a concentration. This is because of excessive allochthonous loading of non-algal material during the monsoon period, and the reduction in phosphorus availability to algal growth, by light limitation and short hydraulic residence time. Considering these characteristics, we suggested site-specific thresholds of trophic state classification for Chl.a, TP and SD, based on annual average data at the upper layer of lakes ($3-10{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ of Chl.a measured by UNESCO method; $13-33{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ of TP; 1.6-3.2 m of SD for mesotrophic state class, respectively). The threshold value of TP for each trophic state class, corresponded to the upper value of previously reported range, and that of SD was out of the range. We suggested applying only TP and Chl.a in assessment of trophic state of lakes in Korea, excluding SD.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to survey and confirm the occurring sites of Parnassius bremeri in Korea, and to investigate ecological characteristics to develop a mass rearing technique. In the field survey, adults were found in the two previously known sites in Gyungnam Province and another site was newly found in Samcheok, Gangwon Province. Emergence period of adults was from middle of May to middle of June. Oviposition took place on various material, including hostplant, debris, dead leaves, etc. Eggs were laid singly, up to 126.7 eggs per female. The egg-period was 221.3${\pm}$2.3 days, eggs were hatched from 11th to 22nd of January in the natural condition, and started to feed for about 10 days after hatching. Survival rate of the 1st larvae was 67.6%. Developing period of each instar in the insectary (25$^{\circ}C$, 75% RH, 16L:8D) was 11.2 days for the 1st instar, 7.3 days for 2nd, 12.8 days for 3rd, 16.2 days for 4th, and 18.2 days for 5th, and the pupal period was 21.3 days. The average longevity of adults was 26.2 days. Oviposition rate was higher in the natural condition with enough space to fly for 3♀ : 1 ♂ coupled, at least 3 ${\times}$ 3${\times}$4 m-sized room, than in smaller cage. In a comparison of the preference for visiting on sugar source, black sugar and fructose were effective.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.62-69
• /
• 2014

In the results of monitoring nitrate concentration in more than 8,000 groundwater wells around agro-livestock, the average and maximum nitrate concentration was 9.4 mg/L and 101.2 mg/L, respectively. Since about 31% of the monitoring wells was exceed the quality standard for drinking water, nitrate control such as remediation or source regulation is required to conserve safe-groundwater in South Korea. Typical nitrate-treatment technologies include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification. Among the treatment methods, biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism has environmental and economic advantages for the complete elimination of nitrate because of lower operating costs compared to other methods. Major mechanism of the process is microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen gas. Three functional genes (nosZ, nirK, nirS) that encode for the enzyme involved in the pathway. In this work, we tried to develop simple process to determine possibility of natural denitrification reaction by monitoring the functional gene. For the work, the functional genes in nitrate-contaminated groundwater were monitored by using PCR with specific target primers. In the result, functional genes (nosZ and nirK) encoding denitrification enzymes were detected in the groundwater samples. This method can help to determine the possibility of natural-nitrate degradation in target groundwater wells without multiplex experimental process. In addition, for field-remediation application we selected nitrate-contaminated site where 200~600 mg/L of nitrate is continuously detected. To determine the possibility of nitrate-degradation by stimulated-natural attenuation, groundwater was sampled in two different wells of the site and nitrate concentration of the samples was 300 mg/L and 616 mg/L, respectively. Fumarate for different C/N ratio was added into microcosm bottles containing the groundwater to examine denitrification rate depending on carbon concentration. In the result, once 1.5 times more than amount of fumarate stoichiometry required was added, the 616 mg/L of nitrate and 300 mg/L of nitrate were completely degraded in 8 days and 30 days. The nitrite, byproduct of denitrification process, was also completely degraded during the experimental period.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
• /
• v.29 no.A
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2009

The main purpose of this work is to analyse damages caused by debris flows during the heavy rainfall at Inje province in Kangwondo, Korea. A series of site investigations have been performed to survey the characteristics of debris flows occurred during the summer season of 2006. It has been found that major losses and costs are triggered by discharge of soil and rock fragments from landslides. During the rainfall unexpectedly high precipitation rate of 113.5mm/hour and 355mm/day was recorded, which could happen at a 80-500 year period. Comparing the period of the rainfall with the time of the landslides, it has been found that the occurrence of the landslides is directly related to heavy rainfalls. At present, several debris barriers have been built at the valleys and natural slopes have been protected by the seed spray method. It is intended to propose an appropriate solutions of restoration of landslide damages and maintenance based on findings from the current study.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 2021

The design response spectrum presented in the seismic design standard reflects the characteristics of the tectonic environment at a site. However, since the design response spectrum does not represent the ground motion with a specific earthquake magnitude or distance, input ground motions for response history analysis need to be selected reasonably. It is appropriate to use observed ground motions recorded in Korea for the seismic design. However, recently recorded ground motions in the Gyeongju (2016) or Pohang (2017) earthquakes are not compatible with the design response spectrum. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the recorded ground motion in Korea to a model similar to the design response spectrum. In this study, several approaches to adjust the spectral acceleration level at each period range were tested. These are the intrinsic and scattering attenuation considering the earthquake environment, magnitude, distance change by the green function method, and a rupture propagation direction's directivity effect. Using these variables, the amplification ratio for the representative natural period was regressed. Finally, the optimum condition compatible with the design response spectrum was suggested, and the validation was performed by converting the recorded ground motion.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.191-209
• /
• 2016

Seismic codes are the best available guidance on how structures should be designed and constructed to ensure adequate resistance to seismic forces during earthquakes. Seismic provisions of Indian standard code, International building code and European code are applied for buildings with ordinary moment resisting frames and reinforced shear walls at various locations considering the effect of site soil conditions. The study investigates the differences in spectral acceleration coefficient ($S_a/g$), base shear and storey shear obtained following the seismic provisions in different codes in the analysis of these buildings. Study shows that the provision of shear walls at core in low rise buildings and at all the four corners in high rise buildings gives the least value of base shear.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.55-74
• /
• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of early functional load around osseointegrated titanium implants. 24 titanium plasma spray coated implants (ITI HS-type) were placed into the previously extracted site in the mandible of six adult dogs. The implants were divided into three groups : the control group was the implants without abutment during the experimental period; the experimental group I was loaded by connecting the contoured abutment after 6 weeks of healing; the experimental group II was loaded after 12 weeks of healing: and the mandibular second premolar and surrounding tissues were selected for natural tooth group to compare the implanted group. All dogs were injected intravenously tetracycline, alizarin red S, and calcein for bone labeling. After the experimental period of 18 weeks, the dogs were sacrificed and longitudinal sections of the bone-implant interface were cut and observed using light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and fluorescence microscope. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Light and scanning electron microscopically, all implant surfaces were well contact with bone tissue at the cortical layer, but some areas of cancellous bone were not contact directly. 2. Fluorescence microscopically, number and size of the new secondary osteons around the implant were increased than those of the natural tooth. 3. Fluorescence microscopically, linear and concentrical fluorescence was observed at or near the surface of all implants, and the bone formation and remodeling of the implants loaded after 6 week of healing were great, and unloaded implants were worst. 4. Fluorescence microscopically, endosteal bone formation was greater than periosteal bone formation at or near the implants. 5. Fluorescence microscopically, number and size of linear and concentric fluorescence was increased at the lingual side than the buccal side of the loaded implants. The result of the study indicate the possibility of the early load to the implant via a prosthesis.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.222-233
• /
• 2012

The nocturnal low-level jet makes a significant impact on carbon and water exchanges and turbulent mixing processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. This study reports a case study of nocturnal surface fluxes such as $CO_2$ and water vapor in the surface layer observed at a flat and homogeneous site in the presence of low-level jets (LLJs). In particular, it documents the temporal evolution of the overlying jets and the coincident response of surface fluxes. The present study highlights several factors linking the evolution of low-level jets to surface fluxes: 1) wavelet analysis shows that turbulent fluxes have similar time scales with temporal scale of LLJ evolution; 2) turbulent mixing is enhanced during the transition period of low-level jets; and 3) $CO_2$, water vapor and heat show dissimilarity from momentum during the period. We also found that LLJ activity is related not only to turbulent motions but also to the divergence of mean flow. An examination of scalar profiles and turbulence data reveal that LLJs transport $CO_2$ and water vapor by advection in the stable boundary layer, suggesting that surface fluxes obtained from the micrometeorological method such as nocturnal boundary layer budget technique should carefully interpreted in the presence of LLJs.