• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The microbial distribution on 115 transmitter of telephone in 5 site were studied during the period Mar to May 1996. The result were follows: 1. The public telephone at Kangnam terminal showed highest contamination of total bacteria (1.5 $\times $ 10$^{4}$/cm$^{2}$ and the telephone at home showed lowest contamination at the mean 4.6/cm$^{2}$ 2. The most frequent bacteria was staphylococcus epidermides and staptylococcus aureus which is pathogen of food poison was frequently isolated. 3. The public telephone at Seoul showed the highest contamination of fungi and the telephone at home showed lowest contamination of Fungi 4. In fungi 631 strains of 16 species were isolated that of highest frequency is confirmed to be Asperillus fumigatus which is pathogen of Aspergillosis, Nigar and Penicillium spp. were frequently isolated.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.704-715
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• 2006

Oil spill was found in 1999 from a diesel storage facility located near the top of Baekun Mountain in Uiwang City. Application of bioremediation techniques was very relevant in removing oil spills in this site, because the geological condition was not amenable for other onsite remediation techniques. For efficient bioremediation, bacterial communities of the contaminated site and the uncontaminated control site were compared using both molecular and cultivation techniques. Soil bacterial populations were observed to be stimulated to grow in the soils contaminated with diesel hydrocarbon, whereas fungal and actinomycetes populations were decreased by diesel contamination. Most of the dieseldegrading bacteria isolated from contaminated forest soils were strains of Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Rhodococcus species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that the profiles were different among the three contaminated sites, whereas those of the control sites were identical to each other. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of dominant isolates and clones showed that the bacterial community was less diverse in the oil-contaminated site than at the control site. Sequence analysis of the alkane hydroxylase genes cloned from soil microbial DNAs indicated that their diversity and distribution were different between the contaminated site and the control site. The results indicated that diesel contamination exerted a strong selection on the indigenous microbial community in the contaminated site, leading to predominance of well-adapted microorganisms in concurrence with decrease of microbial diversity.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to assess contaminant transfer and environmental impacts to the surroundings by inadequate control of USTs. Several methodologies can be used to approach for the site assessment depending on the appearance of contaminants on the site and their types. In this case study, randomized and/or triangle matrix techniques were used. As a result, the composition of materials in tank station were appeared in several state. From 1 to 1.5m depth, the soil was composed of reclaimed soils. And 1.8-3.5m depth, silty sand was appeared and about 4m, weathered soil was appeared. Based on the preliminary and actual site investigation by DPT methodologies on the width and depth of the site with analysis of BTEX and TPH, the contamination was found in this tank station and already distributed near areas. Finally, it was found that the hydroflow differences during the season affects the area and depth of contamination.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.70-86
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• 2003

Despite its usability, TCE has been managed as a hazardous material due to the toxicity and many contamination cases were surveyed in some developed countries. U.S.EPA(Kram et al., 2001) suggested DNAPL characterization methods and approaches based on survey experiences at several sites. However, Korea has not the least assessment of contamination and trial of remediation, although there are a lot of doubtable areas where ground water would be contaminated with TCE. In this study, we try to assess the volume and extent of ground water contamination with TCE and delineate the contamination source zones in an industrial area. Ground water in this area flows through fractures and the contaminant TCE has the properties of high volatility, high density and low partitioning to soil material. Thus, we applied a variety of technical approaches to identify the contamination status; documentary, hydrogeochemical, hydrogeological and geological surveys. In addition, additional survey was performed based on the interim findings, which showed that ground water contamination was limited to the relatively small area with high concentrations to the deep place. The contamination source zone is estimated to be the asphalt test institute where a great deal of TCE has been used to analyze the amount of asphalt soluble in TCE since 1984. Based on the contamination characterization and a myriad of documents about ground water remediation, appropriate site remediation management options will be recommended later. This study is now under way and this paper was focused on describing the technical approaches used to achieve the goals of this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.148-151
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• 2003

Soil washing was applied as a supplementary step of soil remediation at a petroleum oil contaminated site. A soil washing system was designed, assembled, and operated at the site. A field screening method with PetroFlagTM was adopted at the site to find the exact boundary of contaminated area as soil excavation progressed and to verify the concentration of treated soil. The system operation showed the cleanup efficiency of 90% at the compatible cost compared to other methods.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.459-467
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate if there were groundwater contamination in 17 landfill where slaughtered animals were buried during the crisis of 2002 foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) outbreaks in Gyeonggi province. From March to August 2005 groundwater was collected once a month from 17 sites, and examined with potential for hydrogen (pH), colour, turbidity, lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) , iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) , aluminium (Al), nitrate-nitrogen $(NO_3-N)$, ammonia-nitrogen $(NH_3-N)$, microbial pathogen and Escherichia spp. In the examination of $NH_3-N$ which of the mean concentration was from not-detected (ND) to 0.05 mg/l. The range of $NH_3-N$ level was $0.3-24.1mg/{\ell}$. However, groundwater from four sites was to go beyond the drinking water quality standard (DWQS), i.e., the mean concentration of those were $15.5mg/{\ell}\;(site\;1),\;20.7mg/{\ell}\;(site\;9),\;24.1mg/{\ell}\;(site\;13)\;and\;10.6mg/{\ell}\;(site\;17)$. In the investigation of pH, colour and turbidity, all of the pH were below of DWQS (pH 5.8-6.6), but one site in color test and four sites in turbidity test were over the standard level. Among 9 metal ions examined, Mn was in excess of DWQS, and its concentration was $2.4mg/{\ell}$. Pb, Cd, Hg and As were not traced. The contents of Cu, Zn, Fe and Al were $ND-0.22mg/{\ell},\;0.01-0.05mg/{\ell},\;ND-0.05mg/{\ell}\;and\;0.03-0.16mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Escherichiae spp were not identified, but bacterial colonies were detected at 3 groundwater including 2 sites over the DWQS at the level of $491CFU/m{\ell}\;(site\;4)\;and\;217CFU/m{\ell}\;(site\;15)$.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2002

As concerns on the effects of soil contamination on human health have grown, more efforts have been made to quantify the effects. One of such efforts is the development of risk assessment methodology. The fundamental objectives of this approach is to investigate the alternative options that reduce the risk of hazardous chemicals results from environmental pollution, which will eventually lead to an accomplishment of removement of identified toxicants in polluted environment. The U.S. EPA Risk Assessment guidance for the superfund (RAGS) provides a methods for assessing the health risk of contaminated soils and determining the preliminary remediation goals (PRGs). Using this approach, we assessed the health risk and preliminary remediation goals of petroleum contaminated site in Kyounggi province.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.27-47
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• 2006

Attempts were made to increase an efficiency of soil contamination investigation systems(SCISs) including Soil Contamination Fact-Finding Investigation Sites and Special Soil Contamination Management Facility Sites in Korea. In order to increase low efficiencies resulting from inappropriate SCISs, possible policy suggestions are driven based on the results from problem findings of Korean policy and comparisons of policies in industrialized countries including United States, United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Japan. First, functions of Soil Environment Conservation Act(SECA) on liability should be updated and reinforced to initiate a soil contamination investigation process for stakeholders including an owner(s) or a responsible party(ies) of the potentially soil contamination sites positively. Second, appropriate SCISs should be emerged for implementing the Soil Contamination Fact-Finding Investigation Sites and Special Soil Contamination Management Facility Sites properly. Stakeholders for the potentially contaminated sites should easily access and raise the soil contamination issues, and soil contamination investigation implemented by liable and profit environment (consulting) companies should be encouraged. Third, the soil contamination reporting system of SECA needs to change legally responsible. Further more, public announcement system showing soil quality of a site which exceeds a certain scale would be considerable. Fourth, liable environment (consulting) companies should legally execute Soil Environment Assessment of SECA.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2002

Purpose: Surgical Site Infection(SSI) is the third most common cause of nosocomial infection, so that it results in serious socioeconomic impact such as extra hospitalization, mortality and health care cost. The aim of this study was to analyses the SSI that based on the degree of wound contamination and patient risk index after general surgery and to generate a reference data for the effective management and reducing SSI. Method: From July, 1999 to June, 2000, 1080 cases which presented with surgical site infection after general surgery at S hospital in chunchon city were included in this study. The data were collected by review of the medical records retrospectively. The collected data, in accordance with the test purpose, is analyzed by SPSS/PC+ program, using real numbers, percentage, $X^2$ test, Pearson's correlation and stepwise logistic regression. Result: The overall wound infection rate was 4.7%(51 cases out of 1,080). The infection rate of clean wounds was 1.4%. Surgical site infection rate for patient risk index scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3 was 1.9%, 8.0%, 13.1% and 20.0%, respectively and increased significantly according to patient risk index(p=.000). Sixteen of the fifty one(31.4%) surgical site infections were found during an outpatient visit after discharge. Multivariate analysis, identified two independent variables : duration of postoperation stay(p=.000), age(p=.037). The most frequent isolated organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(21%) and Staphylococcus aureus(21%). Also Staphylococcus aureus were all MRSA(Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). Conclusion: In this study, SSI was analysed according to the degree of wound contamination and patient risk index after general surgery. The data that obtained from this study is expected that it would be available for surveillance and control of SSI.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.679-688
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• 1997

In order to analyze the water quality variation of surface water around the Sudokwon landfill site, seasonal variations of water temperature, pH, DO. HOD, COD, SS, NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N were examined at 10 sites from January to December, 1996. It was found that the estimates of COD, DO. SS, and $NH_3-N$ were Increased compared with the results of environmental Impact assessment carried out In 1988. Higher estimates of COD, DO, and SS were due to Industrial and agricultural wastewater, and the Increase of NH3-N at Jangdo reservoir strate was due to the leachate from the landfill. In particular, the estimate of 55 was found to be increased by the soil wash from the landfill during the heavy rainy days.