• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.319-325
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenoside Rf is a ginseng saponin found only in Panax ginseng that affects lipid metabolism. It also has neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties. We previously showed that Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by hypoxia via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possibility of ginsenoside Rf as an active ingredient of KRG in the inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 via $PPAR{\gamma}$. Methods: The effects of ginsenoside Rf on the upregulation of COX-2 by hypoxia and its antimigration effects were evaluated in A549 cells. Docking of ginsenoside Rf was performed with the $PPAR{\gamma}$ structure using Surflex-Dock in Sybyl-X 2.1.1. Results: $PPAR{\gamma}$ protein levels and peroxisome proliferator response element promoter activities were promoted by ginsenoside Rf. Inhibition of COX-2 expression by ginsenoside Rf was blocked by the $PPAR{\gamma}-specific$ inhibitor, T0070907. The $PPAR{\gamma}$ inhibitor also blocked the ability of ginsenoside Rf to suppress cell migration under hypoxia. The docking simulation results indicate that ginsenoside Rf binds to the active site of $PPAR{\gamma}$. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rf inhibits hypoxia induced-COX-2 expression and cellular migration, which are dependent on $PPAR{\gamma}$ activation. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rf has an antiinflammatory effect under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, docking analysis of ginsenoside Rf into the active site of $PPAR{\gamma}$ suggests that the compound binds to $PPAR{\gamma}$ in a position similar to that of known agonists.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-98
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• 1995

In order to ensure that all major cations and anions were accurately measured, the quality assurance checks of chemical analysis data by considering ion and conductivity balance of each precipitation sample were performed. To check the quality assurance of chemical analysis data, precipitation samples were collected by wet- only precipitation sampler at Seoul site and their chemical components were analyzed. By checking the problems for the screening methods of chemical analysis data used until recently, the f value expressed as the ratio of the sum of cations and anions equivalent concentration( $\Sigma $C/$\Sigma $A ) was found to be not ap priorate for data screening. Also, the scattering plot between cation and anion equivalent concentrations in each sample was found to show the general tendency of ion balance but was proved to not quantitate the standard of data screening at a set of samples of various concentration levels.4 more appropriate value was therefore required, h value is defined as (A-C)/C for C≥A and ( A-C)/A for C<4. This value was showed to check the ion balance in a viewpoint of quantitative as well as qualitative and to be useful in applying this expression to a measurement data set. However, the standard o( data screening must vary in response to the ion concentration of sample. In this study, the quality assurance of chemical analysis data was checked by considering both the ion balance evaluating by h value and the electrical conductivity. As these quality assurance checks were applied to Seoul data serf 67 valid samples were obtained. The result of statistical summary in the analytical parameter of precipitation samples collected for a certain period was found to be computed in the precipitation volume- weighted mean( VWM) rather than the arithmetic mean( AM), but PH In the VWM of hydrogen ion concentration. The annual VWM of pH values was 5.0(4.9 ∼ 5.1).

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

In many cases, open-type plate breakwaters use plates with multiple holes; the holes serve as energy dissipaters and weight reducers. Because of the multi-holes configuration, stress concentration should be considered during the design process. Among several design loading conditions, the loads from a possible collision with a man-made vessel or other unexpected events many damage a multi-perforated steel plate. In that case, the structural behavior of a multi-perforated steel plate is quite significant, and is not well understood. This study presents a collision analysis for a multi-perforated steel plate. First, four different perforation topologies (three with circles and one with squares) were selected to investigate the effect of different hole shapes on the structural response. Second, the wave force at a specific site was calculated and loaded onto a steel plate as a static load. The static stresses were used for reference values. Third, two rigid body impacters (cubical & cylindrical) were applied to the steel plates to investigate the transient stress responses. In addition, two different impacting angles ($45^{\circ}\;&\;90^{\circ}$) were selected to investigate the angle effect. From the collision analysis, the significance of the transient stresses was emphasized.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.222-233
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• 2012

The nocturnal low-level jet makes a significant impact on carbon and water exchanges and turbulent mixing processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. This study reports a case study of nocturnal surface fluxes such as $CO_2$ and water vapor in the surface layer observed at a flat and homogeneous site in the presence of low-level jets (LLJs). In particular, it documents the temporal evolution of the overlying jets and the coincident response of surface fluxes. The present study highlights several factors linking the evolution of low-level jets to surface fluxes: 1) wavelet analysis shows that turbulent fluxes have similar time scales with temporal scale of LLJ evolution; 2) turbulent mixing is enhanced during the transition period of low-level jets; and 3) $CO_2$, water vapor and heat show dissimilarity from momentum during the period. We also found that LLJ activity is related not only to turbulent motions but also to the divergence of mean flow. An examination of scalar profiles and turbulence data reveal that LLJs transport $CO_2$ and water vapor by advection in the stable boundary layer, suggesting that surface fluxes obtained from the micrometeorological method such as nocturnal boundary layer budget technique should carefully interpreted in the presence of LLJs.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.1B
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• pp.114-124
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• 2002

In this paper, we proposed the image-based 3D ray tracing indoor propagation model using a patch scattering model for fading analysis of indoor propagation environments. An image-based 3D ray tracing technique is mainly used, which allows the rapid generation of the complex channel impulse response for any given location and polarization of transmitter and receiver. Due to the site specific nature of indoor environment, we took into account the location and the electrical properties of individual walls and objects such as windows, doors and plaster board in our propagation model. Besides, the 3D radiation beam-patterns and polarizations of arbitrary antennas were considered, and using patch scattering model we can consider the change of the polarization due to the scattering from the various indoor objects, like desks, chairs and etc. the are almost impossible to be modeled with the basic image-based ray tracing method. The model will predict the impulse response, the rms delay spread, the fading characteristics of the channel and performances of the polarization diversity schemes.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.85-94
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• 1997

The design and construction of underground structures contain many substantial mincer dainties. A reasonable estimation of geotechnical parameters is of paramount importance and must be one of the most difficult tasks in designing and constructing underground structures. If the plastic zone exists by tunnel excavation, the ground response may also be dependent on the yield criterion mainly composed of strength parameters. In order to estimate unknown model parameters from the in-situ measurements as well as prior estimates for designing tunnels which have plastic zones, the Extended Bayesian Method(EBM) is adopted : an elasto-plastic finite element program is linked to the EBM as a mathematical model to predict the ground response. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is used to represent the plastic behavior. A hypothetical underground site, where the ground behaves elasto-plastically, is adopted to demonstrate the validity of the proposed feedback system.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.570-576
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• 2016

Objective : Elevated cell counts and protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) result from disease activity in patients with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC). Previous studies evaluated the use of CSF profiles to monitor a treatment response or predict prognosis. CSF profiles vary, however, according to the sampling site and the patient's systemic condition. We compared lumbar and ventricular CSF profiles collected before intraventricular chemotherapy for LMC and evaluated the association of these profiles with patients' systemic factors and LMC disease activity. Methods : CSF profiles were retrospectively collected from 228 patients who underwent Ommaya reservoir insertion for intraventricular chemotherapy after a diagnosis of LMC. Lumbar samples taken via lumbar puncture were used for the diagnosis, and ventricular samples were obtained later at the time of Ommaya reservoir insertion. LMC disease activity was defined as the presence of LMC-related symptoms such as increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, cranial neuropathy, and cauda equina syndrome. Results : Cell counts (median : 8 vs. 1 cells/mL) and protein levels (median : 68 vs. 17 mg/dL) significantly higher in lumbar CSF than in ventricular CSF (p<0.001). Among the evaluated systemic factors, concomitant brain metastasis and previous radiation were significantly correlated with higher protein levels in the lumbar CSF (p=0.01 and <0.001, respectively). Among the LMC disease activity, patients presenting with hydrocephalus or cauda equina syndrome showed higher lumbar CSF protein level compared with that in patients without those symptoms (p=0.049 and p<0.001, respectively). The lumbar CSF cell count was significantly lower in patients with cranial neuropathy (p=0.046). The ventricular CSF cell counts and protein levels showed no correlation with LMC symptoms. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which was measured from ventricular CSF after the diagnosis in 109 patients, showed a significant association with the presence of hydrocephalus (p=0.01). Conclusion : The protein level in lumbar CSF indicated the localized disease activity of hydrocephalus and cauda equina syndrome. In the ventricular CSF, only the CEA level reflected the presence of hydrocephalus. We suggest using more specific biomarkers for the evaluation of ventricular CSF to monitor disease activity and treatment response.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.602-609
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• 2020

In the event of a large-scale disaster such as an earthquake, typhoon, landslide, and building collapse, the disaster situation awareness and timely disaster information sharing play a key role in the disaster response and decision-making stages for disaster management, such as disaster site control and evacuation of residents. In this paper, an exited field investigation system of NDMI (National Disaster Management Research Institute) was enhanced with an LTE-VPN- based wireless communication system to provide an effective on-site response in an urgent disaster situation and share observation data or analysis information acquired at the disaster fields in real-time. The required performance of wireless communication for the disaster field investigation system was then analyzed and evaluated. The experimental result for field data transmission performance of an advanced wireless communication investigation system showed that the UDP transmission performance of at least 4.1Mbps is required to ensure a seamless video conference system between disaster sites. In addition, a wireless communication bandwidth of approximately 10 Mbps should be guaranteed to smoothly share the communication and field data between the survey equipment currently mounted on the survey vehicle.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate treatment outcomes and determine prognostic factors in patients with esophageal cancer treated with esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 39 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy between 2002 and 2012. Initial clinical stages of patients were stage IB in 1 patient (2.6%), stage II in 5 patients (12.9%), and stage III in 33 patients (84.6%). Results: The median age of all the patients was 62 years, and the median follow-up period was 17 months. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 33.6% in all the patients. The 3-year locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rate was 33.7%. In multivariate analysis with covariates of age, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tumor length, clinical response, clinical stage, pathological response, pathological stage, lymphovascular invasion, surgical type, and radiotherapy to surgery interval, only pathological stage was an independent significant prognostic factor affecting both OS and LRFS. The complications in postoperative day 90 were pneumonia in 9 patients, anastomotic site leakage in 3 patients, and anastomotic site stricture in 2 patients. Postoperative 30-day mortality rate was 10.3% (4/39); the cause of death among these 4 patients was respiratory failure in 3 patients and myocardial infarction in one patient. Conclusion: Only pathological stage was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and LRFS in patients with esophageal cancer treated with esophagectomy after NCRT. We could confirm the significant role of NCRT in downstaging the initial tumor bulk and thus resulting in better survival of patients who gained earlier pathological stage after NCRT.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.725-735
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• 2022

Currently, disasters occurring in Korea are characterized by unpredictability and complexity. Due to these features, property damage and human casualties are increasing. Since the initial response process of these disasters is directly related to the scale and the spread of damage, optimal decision-making is essential, and information of the site must be obtained through timely applicable sensors. However, it is difficult to make appropriate decisions because indiscriminate information is collected rather than necessary information in the currently operated Disaster and Safety Situation Office. In order to improve the current situation, this study proposed a framework that quickly collects various disaster image information, extracts information required to support decision-making, and utilizes it. To this end, a web-based display system and a smartphone application were proposed. Data were collected close to real time, and various analysis results were shared. Moreover, the capability of supporting decision-making was reviewed based on images of actual disaster sites acquired through CCTV, smartphones, and UAVs. In addition to the reviewed capability, it is expected that effective disaster management can be contributed if institutional mitigation of the acquisition and sharing of disaster-related data can be achieved together.