• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.73-87
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic deprivation of male-headed or female-headed households. Household having children under the age of 18 are categorized into three types according to the gender of household head: male-headed household, female-headed household, and dual-parents household. The findings from data, for this study came from the Korean Labor Panel Study in 2003. The analysis shows that the household's age, education, residence types, etc are key explanatory variables in determining whether to be in poverty. While the public income transfer is most effective in reducing poverty in female-headed households, the private income source is relatively more useful among male-headed families. Since single-household families are particularly at risk, public policy makers should pay special attentions to developing and expanding welfare-to-work programs which provides work incentives to overcome relative poverty and community networks on child care.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.229-239
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to help young people with mild intellectual disabilities with counseling and self-supporting life experiences. The topic of the counseling contents could be categorized as follows: "institutional life was clumsy and hard, but it was also full of memories," "my adolescent was aching, growing, and lonesome," "an irresistibie being," "independence process is filled with anxiety, excitement." In his process of going independent, the subject showed a strong will for the preparation for independence where he gets through the unfavorable situation surrounding the arduous and lonely independent process. This result proves the effectiveness of the therapeutic intervention based on the coping skills that meet the needs of the social situation for the adolescents who are discharged from institutions in their independence preparation and job search.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.473-480
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a complication in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There are limited data evaluating dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a screening tool for low BMD in children with IBD. We performed a single site retrospective analysis of DXA use. Methods: Children aged 5-18 years with IBD diagnosed between 2013 to 2017 at the Royal Children's Hospital, Australia, were included. Patient demographics, measures of disease activity, DXA scores, and factors related to BMD were collected. Results: Over a median follow up of 5.1 (4-6.4) years, 72/239 (30.1%) children underwent DXA, and 28/239 (11.7%) children had a second DXA. Our DXA practice differed to consensus guidelines regarding initial screening based on height and/or body mass index (BMI) z-score (8/17 [47.1%]), and repeat surveillance (13/42 [31.0%]). Children had a median lumbar spine (LS) z-score -0.80 (-1.65-0.075). Children with LS z-score≤-2.0 (n=14) had lower weight (6.57 [1.78-23.7] vs. 51.1 [26.5-68.7], p=0.0002) and height centiles (3.62 [1.17-17.1] vs. 42 [16.9-67.1], p=0.0001), and higher faecal calprotectin (FCP) (3041 [1182-4192] vs. 585 [139-2419], p=0.009) compared to children with LS z-score>-2.0. No fractures were reported. Of 28 children who underwent a second DXA 1.6 (1.1-2.2) years following initial DXA, no significant change in z-scores occurred. Conclusion: Children with IBD had low BMD. In addition to height centile and weight centile, FCP was associated with lower BMD, and should be considered in DXA screening guidelines. Greater clinician awareness of DXA consensus guidelines is required. Future prospective studies are required.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.332-339
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been used for more than five decades, its applicability in Bangladeshi children has recently become more common. Therefore, this manuscript aims to describe our experience in performing ERCPs in Bangladeshi children with hepatopancreaticobiliary diseases, focusing on presenting diseases, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Between 2018 and 2021, 20 children underwent 30 ERCP procedures at the Bangladesh Specialized Hospital, Dhaka. A single trained adult gastroenterologist performed all procedures using a therapeutic video duodenoscope. The indications for ERCP, diagnostic findings, therapeutic procedures, and complications were documented. Results: The median age of the study patients was 10 years (range, 1.7-15 years). Successful cannulation of the papilla was achieved in 28 procedures and failed in 2 cases. Repeated ERCP was required in seven patients. Nine patients had biliary indications and 11 had pancreatic indications. Choledocholithiasis was the most common indication for ERCP in patients with biliary disease, while chronic pancreatitis was common among patients with pancreatic indications. Pancreatic divisum was observed in only one patient. Pancreatic and biliary sphincterotomy was performed in 14 and 9 cases, respectively. A single pigtail or straight therapeutic stent was inserted in seven cases and removed in five cases. Stone extraction was performed in six procedures, and balloon dilatation was performed in five procedures. The post-procedural period for these patients was uneventful. Conclusion: We found that ERCP is a practical and successful therapeutic intervention for treating hepatopancreaticobiliary disorders in children when performed by experienced endoscopists.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.60 no.4
• /
• pp.577-593
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate a student's career maturity during a career exploration program based on the ecological system perspective and to propose directions for the career maturation process to help H. Meister High School students to get jobs. A single-case 12-session career exploration program was applied to a first-year student at H. Meister High School in U. City for 90 minutes per session twice a week. To verify the effects of the program, this study conducted a pre-test and post-test of career maturity to analyze changes. In addition, the study qualitatively analyzed changes in the program activity sheets and process evaluation sheets per session. The results of the study are as follows: Firstly, the career exploration program based on the ecological system perspective conducted with the student at H. Meister High School improved the student's career maturity. Secondly, changes were observed in the scores in the sub-factors of career maturity between the pre-test and the post-test. Significant differences in the results of the analysis of the sub-factors of career maturity indicate that the program had a statistically positive impact on the career maturation process of the participant. In conclusion, as a result of the in-depth implementation of the program for 12 sessions, the participant expressed his desires which were clarified. In addition, a positive career maturation process appears to have taken place, owing to the self-directed program that led the participant to initiate plans and explore his career by himself. This study was conducted as a single case based on the ecological system perspective concerning career exploration and the career maturation process, but it will be necessary to expand the study to investigate the effects of group counseling, information exchange considering peer influences, common discussions on goal-setting, and other methods on the career maturation process.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.1211-1224
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the food sources of zinc and the usual intake of dietary zinc among Korean toddlers and preschool children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2,679 children aged 1-5 years was selected from the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Dietary data collected from a single 24-h recall were used to evaluate the food sources of zinc. To estimate usual zinc intake, the distribution obtained from single 24-h recall data in the total sample was adjusted using the ratio of within-to-between-person variance in zinc intake obtained from 2-day 24-h recall sub-sample data of the 2009 KNHANES. The proportion of children with usual zinc intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR) and above the tolerable upper intake level (UL) was assessed. RESULTS: The main sources of zinc in Korean children were grains, dairy products, and meat. The mean usual intakes of zinc among all individuals, those aged 1-2 yrs, and those aged 3-5 yrs were 5.50, 5.01, and 5.83 mg/d, respectively. In all participants, 1.1% of the children consumed zinc below the EAR, whereas 10.7% exceeded the UL. The proportion of children with excessive zinc intake was 25.6% in the 1-2 yrs age group and 0.6% in the 3-5 yrs age group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the current UL, the risk of excessive zinc intake appears to be high among Korean toddlers. Future studies that monitor the health effects of excessive zinc intake are needed to appropriately guide zinc intake in children.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2007

Background and Objectives: Laryngotracheal stenosis and its reconstruction in children is a highly challenging field to airway surgeons, and the way of stenting after a reconstructive surgery is still controversial. The aims of this study were to analyze the single institutional experiences of laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) in the pediatric patients with laryngotracheal stenosis and to compare the outcomes of single-stage LTR (SSLTR) with conventional two-stage LTR (TSLTR) in these patients. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 14 children (mean age 4.1 years) were reviewed, who received 20 LTR including 6 revisions for their moderate to severe subglottic stenosis and/or combined posterior glottic stenosis. Of these 20 LTR, tracheostoma was temporarily maintained after LTR in 12 cases (TSLTR) or not in the other 8 cases (SSLTR). Results: Overall decannulation rate of LTR that were performed before and after the year of 2003 was 40% (4/10) and 70% (7/10) respectively. Decannulation rate was 42% (5/12) in TSLTR group and 75% (6/8) in SSLTR group (P = 0.197). Mean interval to decannulation after LTR was 9.8 months and 7.2 days in TSLTR and SSLTR groups respectively (P = 0.004). A number of additional touch-up procedures that were required after LTR was 4 in TSLTR and 2.7 in SSLTR group (P = 0.238). Major complication rate was similar in both groups (33% in TSLTR and 38% in SSLTR, P = 0.910). Conclusion: A laryngotracheal reconstruction in children is a technically demanding procedure and its outcome is largely dependent on the surgeon's experience. Albeit there was a tendency that SSLTR ofters a higher decannulation rate, less additional touch-up procedures and similar complication rates, a shorter interval to decannulation after LTR was the only advantage that was confirmed as statistically significant in this study.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.398-407
• /
• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate possibility to reduce treatment time for child patient who have limited control activity during flowable composite resin restoration according to comparing microleakage and shear bond strength. Group I, II with Single $Bond^{TM}$, group III, IV with AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$, group V, VI with Prompt L-$Pop^{TM}$, and group VII as control group without adhesive system. 12 premolars and 10 molars were assigned into each group. Restorative material was used the Filtek $Z350^{TM}$ flowable. The results were as follows; 1. The result of microleakage evaluation, in the group I, II with Single $Bond^{TM}$ showed low dye penetration score. Dye penetration between group I and group II were similar. 2. Results for shear bond strength at group I and group II showed values higher than other groups. (p<0.05) There were no statistical differences between group I and group II. (p>0.05) 3. There was no statistical differences among I and II, III and IV, V and VI groups. 4. Group VII showed significantly low shear bond strength than group I, II, V, VI(p<0.05). Group VII showed low value than group with III and IV, but no statistical significances. In conclusion, adhesive bonding resin was not affect significantly to microleakage and shear bond strength of flowable resin restoration. Therefore, to reduce the operation time, adhesive bonding resin and flowable composite resin can be cured at once. But contamination of saliva, location of cavities can affect to bond strength in clinical field.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 1998

Objectives：Conduct disorder is one of the most frequent diagnosis in outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities for children and adolescents. This study investigated the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Methods：The study employed a retrospective review of 45 inpatients diagnosed with conduct disorder by DSM-IV criteria at SNUH Child Psychiatric Unit from 1993, March to 1998, September. Results：The results were as follows：1) The sex ratio was 2：1, male dominant. Mean age on admission was $12.8{\pm}2.4$ years old(male：$12.2{\pm}2.3$, female：$14.1{\pm}2.1$). The mean age of male subjects was significantly lower than that of female subjects(p<.05). 2) We classified all subjects according to child- or adolescent-onset type by DSM-Ⅳ. Childhoodonset type was 42.2%, and adolescent-onset, 57.8%. The onset of male subjects were significantly earlier than that of female subjects(p<.05). 3) The most common complaint was 'serious violation of rules'(77.8%) by DSM-Ⅳ dimensions, while the most common single symtom was 'run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home'(48.9%). 4) The comorbid psychopathology of the subjects were frequently described as follows, in order of frequency：substance use(42.2%), ADHD(35.6%), depression(20.0%), tic disorder(11.1%), bipolar disorder(4.4%). 5) On MMPI, both Pd and Ma subscales got the highest scores. The mean of total IQ by KEDIWISC was $100.0{\pm}15.1$. Female subjects' IQ was higher than that of male subjects. 6) Regarding the number of visits to the OPD after discharge, many subjects(33.3%) had visited OPD fewer than four times. Conclusions：In this study, the male to female ratio of adolescent type showed a decreasing trend. An interesting finding was the fact that socio-economic circumstances, as well as the level of education among patients, were higher than those of previous studies. The subjects' problem were also principally self contered and posed no threat to others.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.212-222
• /
• 2001

This paper is concerned with the design and construction of navigational interfaces on the web-based multimedia courseware, in particular for the education of elementary school children. Three different types of navigational strategies for the different structures of information are discussed. For hierarchically organised subject material, a single menu list is considered to be the most appropriate means of navigation. The interface of the 'Study of the Internet' provides a combination of child and sibling menus and sequential tools. The menus are used for navigating topics and subtopics, and the sequential method is used for navigating pages. The final navigational interface has the advantages of allowing the student flexible navigation, and proving an indication of progress through the subject material. Finally, the combination of menu and sequential navigational methods allow a student to maintain context, whilst navigating through different levels of hierarchical information. It thus reduces the danger that the student will lose their way, without overconstraining the navigational path.