• Wind and Structures
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.335-350
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• 2020

In coastal residential communities, especially along the coastline, flooding is a frequent natural hazard that impacts the area. To reduce the adverse effects of flooding, it is recommended to elevate coastal buildings to a certain safe level. However, post storm damage assessment has revealed severe damages sustained by elevated buildings' components such as roofs, walls, and floors. By elevating a structure and creating air gap underneath the floor, the wind velocity increases and the aerodynamics change. This results in varying wind loading and pressure distribution that are different from their slab on grade counterparts. To fill the current knowledge gap, a large-scale aerodynamic wind testing was conducted at the Wall of Wind experimental facility to evaluate the wind pressure distribution over the surfaces of a low-rise gable roof single-story elevated house. The study considered three different stilt heights. This paper presents the observed changes in local and area averaged peak pressure coefficients for the building surfaces of the studied cases. The aerodynamics of the elevated structures are explained. Comparisons are done with ASCE 7-16 and AS/NZS 1170.2 wind loading standards. For the floor surface, the study suggests a wind pressure zoning and pressure coefficients for each stilt height.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.263-274
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• 2012

최근 다양한 기후변동성으로 인해 전 세계적으로 극한호우사상이 동시다발적으로 일어나고 있다. 우리나라의 극한호우사상은 주로 여름철 태풍으로 인한 호우와 국지성 집중호우에 의해서 발생한다. 극한호우사상에 대한 적절한 확률강우량을 추정하기 위해서, 본 연구에서는 연최대치일강우를 태풍으로 인한 강우와 집중호우로 인한 강우로 구분하여 확률적 거동을 고려하였다. 일반적인 강우빈도해석법은 연최대치강우가 단일 모집단을 이룬다고 가정하여 단일 분포함수를 적용하여 확률강우량을 추정하는 반면, 본 연구에서는 연최대치강우를 구성하는 두 가지 호우의 통계적 특성을 수문빈도해석에서 고려하기 위해, 혼합 분포함수를 적용하였다. 비교적 긴 관측강우자료를 보유한 15개 지점을 선정하여, 일강우량에 대한 확률강우량을 산정하고 비교분석을 실시하였다. 혼합 검벨분포모형에 의한 확률강우량은 단일 검벨분포함수를 적용한 확률강우량과 비교하여 지역에 따라 증감이 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 홍수방어시스템의 계획 및 설계에서 유용한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.84-94
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• 2017

최근 다양하고 방대한 양의 데이터를 처리하기 위해 빅데이터의 특성인 5V(Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity, Value) 중에서도 속도(Velocity)의 중요성이 강조되면서 대량의 데이터를 빠르고 정확하게 처리하는 기술인 실시간 스트림 처리(Real-time Stream processing)를 위해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 빅데이터 처리를 위해 대표적인 실시간 객체 모델인 TMO(Time-triggered Message-triggered Object) 개념을 도입한 Squall 프레임워크를 제시하고, 단일 노드에서 동작하는 Squall 프레임워크와 그 동작들에 대해 기술한다. TMO는 작업을 수행할 때, 특정 조건에 대해 실시간으로 처리하는 비주기적인 처리방법과 일정 시간 간격동안 주기적인 처리를 지원하는 객체 모델이다. 따라서 Squall 프레임워크는 실시간 빅데이터의 실시간 이벤트 스트림 및 마이크로-배치 처리를 동시에 지원하고, 기존 아파치 스톰과 스파크 스트리밍 대비 상대적으로 우수한 성능을 제공한다. 하지만 Squall은 대부분의 프레임워크에서 제공되는 다중 노드에서의 실시간 분산처리를 위한 추가적인 개발이 필요하다. 결론적으로, TMO 모델의 장점은 실시간 빅데이터 처리시 기존 아파치의 스톰이나 스파크 스트리밍의 단점들을 극복할 수 있다. 이러한 TMO 모델은 실시간 빅데이터 처리에 있어 유용한 모델로서의 가능성을 가지고 있다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1011-1034
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• 1966

This thesis is the final report which has long been studied by the author to obtain the design basis for various hydrological constructions with the specific system suitable to the natural environmental conditions in Korea. This report is divided into two parts: one is to estimate runoff volume from watersheds and the other to estimate the peak discharge for a single storm. According to the result of observed runoff record from watersheds, it is known that Kajiyama formula is useful instrument in estimating runoff volume from watersheds in this country. But it has been found that this formula shows us 20-30% less than the actual flow. Therefore, when wihed to bring a better result, the watershed characteristics coefficient in this formula, that is, f-value, should be corrected to 0.5-0.8. As for the method to estimate peak discharge from drainage basin, the author proposes to classify it in two ways; one is small size watershed and the other large size watershed. The maximum -flood discharge rate $Q_p$ and time to peak Pt obtained from the observed record on the small size watershed are compared by various methods and formulas which are based upon the modern hydrological knowledge. But it was fou.d that it. was not a satisfied result. Therefore, the author proposes. tocomputate $Q_p$, to present 4.0-5.0% for the total runoff volume ${\Sigma}Q$.${\Sigma}Q$ is computed under the assumption of 30mm 103s in watershed per day and to change the theoritical total flow volume to one hour dura tion total flow rate when design daily storm is given. Time to peak Pt is derived from three parameters which are u,w,k. These are computed by relationship between total runoff volume (ha-m unit)and $Q_p$. (C.M.S. unit). Finally, the author checked out these results obtained from 51 hydrographs and got a satisfied result. Therefore the author suggested the model of design dimensionless unit-hydrograph. And the author believes that this model will be much available at none runoff record river site. In the large size watersheds in Korea when the maximum discharge occurs, the effective rainfall is two consequtive stormy days. So the loss in watershed was assutned as 6Omm/2days,and the author proposed 3-hour-daration hydrograph flow distribution percentage. This distribution percentage will be sure to form the hydrograph coordinate.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1644-1650
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• 1969

In the design of general hydrological structures, it is well know that the design flood is of importance in the design of those structures. As the design flood is estimated using the design storm, the design storm is defined by the rainfall intensity itself. Though I had studied and reported many times the reports about the rainfall-intensity in my country, poorly I did not study the long-period variation of the intensity through each section in my country before. But now, in the basin area of the Han river and the Keum river, the self-recorded rainfall charts of the single storms, which are mostly above rainfall amount of 30mm and data of about 4500 with the 150 stationyear, were analyzed, And then, the intensity formula of the hourly unit is estimated using the period from 10 minutes to 5 days. The method to analyze and estimate them, and the final results will be summarized as mentioned below: (i) At first I intended to select out the homogeneous watersheds of three, one in the Han river and two in the Keum river. But I would select the northern and the sourthern river basins, and westward from Koan station, in the basins of the Han river. Also I would select the upstream area, and the downstream area including the watershed of Chungioo, Kongjoo, Chupungryung, and the Mt. Sock, in the basins of the Keum river. Finally, I could find that there couldn't in the Keum river basin. So, I decided out and analyze only river basins of the Han river with limitation mentioned above. (ii) The statistical method to select out the homogenous watersheds is the test of homogeneous variance, and it is estimated from the following equation: $$X_{k1}^2=[{\Sigma}(n_i-1)log\bar{S^2}-\Sigma(n_i-1)log\bar{S^2}]{\times}loge$$ (iii) Actually, each homogeneous watershed has individually its own intensity formula, But I would express them as the actual amount, because the equation of intensity variance is experiential and theoretical equation of the variance. Therefore the caluating equation is actually more convenient in the actual uses. (iv) This report is one of the series for me to give the basis to the actual designs. The cost for this study is provided by the Ministry of Construction. And the designs of the hydrological structures in the watersheds with limitation mentioned above may be concerned with and based upon this report.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2005

비점오염 발생은 강우에 의한 지표면 유출과 밀접한 관련이 있는 관계로 모형을 이용한 비점오염 해석은 먼저 유역의 강우-유출의 명확한 관계해석을 필수조건으로 한다. 본 연구는 비점오염 모의에 많이 사용되고 있는 AnnAGNPS 모형의 다양한 유역특성별 강우-유출해석능력을 평가해 보았다. 결과를 통해 AnnAGNPS 모형은 대유역 모의에 적합하며 소유역 및 강우에 대한 유역의 반응시간이 짧은 불투수층이 많은 유역에 적용하는 것은 적합하지 않은 것으로 드러났다. 특히, AnnAGNPS 모형은 모의에 사용하는 시간간격 이 일단위(daily basis)이므로 하루보다 짧은 지속시간의 복합첨두치(mutiple peak flow)를 가지는 강우사상을 표현하는 기능이 없으며 따라서 첨두유량 예측에 상당한 오차 발생의 원인으로 드러났다. 또한 유출해석에 사용되는 CN방법은 지역적인 특성에 맞게 구축된 CN정보가 없는 관계로 초기치 선택에 신중함이 요구되며, 강우의 분포형과 더불어 반드시 주요 검정대상으로 다루어져야 할 매개변수였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.369-382
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• 2018

Tornadoes are vertical swirling air formed because of the existence of layers of air with contrasting features of temperature, wind flow, moisture, and density. Tornadoes induce completely different wind forces than a straight-line (SL) wind. A suitably designed building for an SL wind may fail when exposed to a tornado-wind of the same wind speed. It is necessary to design buildings that are more resistant to tornadoes. In tornado-damaged areas, dome buildings seem to have less damage. As a dome structure is naturally wind resistant, domes have been used in back yards, as single family homes, as in-law quarters, man caves, game rooms, storm shelters, etc. However, little attention has been paid to the tornadic wind interactions with dome buildings. In this work, the tornado forces on a dome are computed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for tornadic and SL wind. Then, the interaction of a tornado with a dome and a prism building are compared and analyzed. This work describes the results of the tornado wind effect on dome and prism buildings. The conclusions drawn from this study are illustrated in visualizations. The tornado force coefficients on a dome building are larger than SL wind forces, about 120% more in x- and y-directions and 280% more in z-direction. The tornado maximum pressure coefficients are also higher than SL wind by 150%. The tornado force coefficients on the prism are larger than the forces on the dome, about 100% more in x- and y-directions, and about 180% more in z-direction. The tornado maximum pressure coefficients on prism also are greater those on dome by 150% more. Hence, a dome building has less tornadic load than a prism because of its aerodynamic shape.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2010

An orchestrated attempt was made to analyze samples of bulk and individual particulate matters (PM) collected at the Gosan ground-based station on the west coast of Jeju, Korea. A two-stage filter pack sampler was operated to collect particles in both large (> $1.2\;{\mu}m$) and small size fractions (< $1.2\;{\mu}m$) between the Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") storm event and non-Asian dust period. Elemental components in bulk and individual particles were determined by PIXE and synchrotron XRF analysis systems, respectively. To assess the transport pathways of air parcels and to determine the spatial distribution of PM, the backward trajectories of the Meteorological Data Explorer (Center for Global Environmental Research, 2010) and the NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion-trajectory models were applied. In line with general expectations, Si and other crustal elements in large size particles showed considerably higher mass loading on AD days in comparison with non-AD days. Computation of the crustal enrichment factors [(Z/Si)$_{particle}$/(Z/Si)$_{desert}$ sand] of elements in large size particles (> $1.2\;{\mu}m$) allowed us to estimate the source profile and chemical aging of AD particles as well as to classify the soil-origin elements. On the basis of a single particle analysis, individual AD particles are classified into three distinct groups (neutralized mineral particles, S-rich mineral particles, and imperfectly neutralized particles).

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.340-351
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• 2013

기후변화로 인한 자연재해의 증가에 관한 정부간 협의체를 중심으로 국제적인 기후변화 예측에 대한 연구 및 자연재해 저감에 관한 논의들이 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화에 의해 자연재해가 더욱 심화됨에 따라 재해에 취약하게 노출되어 있는 방글라데시를 사례지역으로 재해의 유형을 파악하고, 우리나라의 재해저감 기술과 방재관련 기법 등을 응용하여 국제원조의 지원 방안을 모색하였다. 방글라데시는 국토의 1/3이 해수면보다 낮기 때문에 배수가 어려우며, 조수 파동과 해수 침투, 사이클론의 위험이 복합적으로 나타나는 지리적인 특성을 지니고 기후변화로 인한 자연재해의 피해가 매년 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 특히 피해가 집중되는 해안지역은 해수면상승의 위협과 3년 주기로 심각한 사이클론의 피해가 일어나며, 상대적으로 빈곤한 사람들이 거주하는 지역으로 인명피해가 크게 일어나는 지역으로써, 재난의 피해를 저감하기 위해 국제적 원조를 필요로 하고 있다. 우리나라의 선진화된 기술과 자연재해저감 기법을 지원함으로써 개도국의 자연재난에 의한 피해를 감소시키는 데 일조를 하는 것은 국제사회에서 협력 구도를 정립하는 데 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2020

We have developed an algorithm for tracking coronal mass ejection (CME) propagation that allows us to estimate CME speed and its arrival time at Earth. The algorithm may be used either to forecast the CME's arrival on the day of the forecast or to update the CME tracking information for the next day's forecast. In our case study, we successfully tracked CME propagation using the algorithm based on g-values of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observation provided by the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE). We were able to forecast the arrival time (Δt = 0.30 h) and speed (Δv = 20 km/s) of a CME event on October 2, 2000. From the CME-interplanetary CME (ICME) pairs provided by Cane & Richardson (2003), we selected 50 events to evaluate the algorithm's forecast capability. Average errors for arrival time and speed were 11.14 h and 310 km/s, respectively. Results demonstrated that g-values obtained continuously from any single station observation were able to be used as a proxy for CME speed. Therefore, our algorithm may give stable daily forecasts of CME position and speed during propagation in the region of 0.2-1 AU using the IPS g-values, even if IPS velocity observations are insufficient. We expect that this algorithm may be widely accepted for use in space weather forecasting in the near future.