• 건축역사연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

This thesis mainly deals with the meaning of single eaves buildings which have Chunyeo with Sarae. As a rule, building with single eaves does not construct Sarae. But we can find some special buildings using Chunyeo with Sarae in the corners of the eaves. At this time, many people say that lower part of the member so called Alchunyeo, and upper part of the member so called Chunyeo. And they also say that the using of Alchunyeo was caused by the shortage of timber which can make Chunyeo properly. As a result, single eaves buildings using Chunyeo with Sarae in the corners of the eaves were not caused by the shortage of timber. That kinds of buildings were made by the hierarchy of building. Single eaves buildings with Sarae have lower rank than double eaves buildings, and also have higher rank than those without Sarae. And we have to say that lower part of the member is Chunyeo, and upper part of the member is Sarae.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2002

This research is the second attempt to illustrate the phases of ancient Korean architecture through a comparative study of historical materials such as historical ruins, relics, stone remains and art products. Among these the stone stupa (budo), contains many architectural aspects of old times, which give clues to trace the characteristics of the antient Korean structures. The study brings about following results: 1. The pillar employs an entasis technique, and the bracket system (gongpo) consists of cross beams (changbang) and small supporting blocks (soro) thereupon. A type of the bracket arm (chomcha) is also found on top of the pillar. 2. Windows and doors are assumed from the carved features on the stone stupa to be pair-doors which could be folded twice sideways and upwards. 3. There are two types of eaves; the single eaves and the double eaves consisting of a rafter and a flying rafter. 4. The roof has furrows formed by the concave tiles and the convex ones and also the tiles at the edge of eaves. And there are evidences that a variety of small images of animal and human figures were decorated along on top of the eaves.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2013

고추 수급 안정대책의 일환으로 정부에서는 2012년부터 고추 비가림시설 지원 사업을 실시하고 있지만 현재 농가에 보급되고 있는 단동 비닐하우스는 측고가 낮아 고추 비가림재배에 부적합한 면이 있다. 본 연구에서는 고추 재배에 적합한 규격을 가지면서 구조적으로도 안전한 고추 비가림재배용 단동 비닐하우스를 개발하고자 하였다. 전국 56개 고추 비가림재배 농가를 대상으로 비닐하우스 구조실태 및 구조개선 희망사항을 조사하여 비닐하우스 폭과 높이를 설정하였다. 현재 운용중인 비닐하우스의 폭은 7m 미만이 53%를, 측고는 1.5m 이하가 64%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 희망하는 하우스의 폭은 7.0m, 측고는 2.0m를 선호하는 농가가 가장 많아서 이 규격으로 결정하였다. 서까래 파이프 규격을 다양하게 변화시켜가면서 구조안전성을 분석한 후 골조율과 설치비 등을 고려하여 5종의 모델을 제시하였다. 12-고추-1형은 ${\emptyset}42.2{\times}2.1t$의 서까래 파이프를 90cm 간격, 12-고추-2형부터 5형은 ${\emptyset}31.8{\times}1.5t$의 서까래 파이프를 각각 60cm, 70cm, 80cm 및 90cm 간격으로 설치하는 모델이다. 농림수산식품부 고시 10-단동-3형과 비교하여 12-고추-2형의 경제성을 분석한 결과, $672m^2$ 면적의 하우스 1동 기준으로 약 120만원의 소득 증가가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.277-285
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• 2017

Single-storey industrial buildings are one of the most often type of structures built among various skeletal framed steel constructions. These metallic buildings offer an exceptional opportunity to minimise the material employed, contributing to a more sustainable construction. In particular, the mansard portal frame is a typology made up of broken beams that involves different lengths and discontinuous slopes. This study aims the weight reduction of the standard mansard portal frame with design purposes by means of varying four parameters: the kink position, the eaves-apex slope, the span and the columns height. In this work, we suggest some guidelines that can improve the economical competitive capabilities of their structural design. In all the cases analysed, the joints of the portal frame are placed over the theoretical non-funicular shape to uniform loads. This allows reducing the bending moment and the shear force, but increasing the axial force. In addition, the performance of mansard and typical pitched portal frames submitted to the same boundary conditions is compared in terms of efficiency in the use of steel. In the large majority of the cases, mansard typologies are lighter than the common pitched frames and, hence, more economical.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2014

In order to set up the basic environmental control systems which the new concept greenhouses have to equip, greenhouse characteristics, environmental management and control systems in domestic glasshouses and plastic houses were investigated and analyzed comparatively. Survey results on the width, length, eaves height, and the number of spans etc. showed that glasshouses were bigger than plastic houses significantly. New concept greenhouses claim to be plastic houses, but it will be reasonable to follow the specifications of the glasshouse. Specifications to be applied to new concept greenhouses were proposed as follows; hot water heating systems, aluminum screens as the thermal curtain, evaporative cooling systems, roof vents on the ridge, circulation fans, $CO_2$ enrichment, hydroponic systems, and automatic irrigation control systems. Environmental measurement systems for the indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, light, wind speed and indoor $CO_2$ concentration have to be fully equipped. The automatic control system has to be as a complex environmental control system, not a single item control system. Also, for stable dissemination, domestically producing complete greenhouse control system should be made as soon as possible.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.188-196
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• 2008

본 연구는 소형 파이프하우스 설계시 구조계산에 필요한 지점조건을 구명하기 위하여 실물크기의 파이프 하우스에 환산된 적설하중 및 풍하중을 재하하여 온실의 붕괴양상과 변위 및 변형도를 측정하였으며, 측정값을 여러 가지 지점조건에 대해 구조해석한 값과 비교 분석하였다. 온실에 작용하는 적설 및 풍하중의 등분포 하중을 집중하중으로 환산할 때 환산된 집중하중의 개수별로 하중효과를 비교 분석한 결과, 적설하중의 경우 최소 2개 이상의 집중하중으로 환산하는 것이, 풍 하중의 경우 각각의 등분포된 수압면의 하중을 1개씩의 집중하중으로 환산하는 것이 등분포하중과 유사한 하중효과가 나타나는 것으로 분석되었다. 변형도의 변화를 분석한 결과 적설하중 작용시에는 예측된 바와 같이 처마부위에서 붕괴된 것으로 나타났으며, 풍하중 작용시에는 풍상측의 처마와 지점부위의 변형이 가장 크게 발생하였고 다음으로 풍하측의 처마와 곡부의 변형이 크게 발생하였으며, 가장 큰 변형을 나타낸 처마가 위험부위로 판단되었다. 응력과 변위에 따른 지점조건을 분석한 결과 지점조건에 따른 변위의 크기는 변위방향과 모델종류에 관계없이 모두 지면고정 <지하고정<지면힌지<지하힌지 순으로 나타났으며, 별도의 기초 없이 서까래를 땅속에 바로 매입하여 설치하는 소형 파이프 하우스의 구조설계시 지점조건을 매입깊이에서의 지하고정으로 하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단 되었다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.481-494
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• 2012

The greenhouse type metal structures are increasingly used in modern construction of livestock farms because they are less laborious to construct and they provide a more favorable microclimate for the growth of animals compared to conventional livestock structures. A key stress factor for metal structures is the wind. The external pressure coefficient ($c_{pe}$) is used for the calculation of the wind effect on the structures. A high pressure coefficient value leads to an increase of the construction weight and subsequently to an increase in the construction cost. The EC1 in conjunction with EN 13031-1:2001, which is specialized for greenhouses, gives values for this coefficient. This value must satisfy two requirements: the safety of the structure and a reduced construction cost. In this paper, the Navier - Stokes and continuity equations are solved numerically with the finite element method (Galerkin Method) in order to simulate the two dimensional, incompressible, viscous air flow over the vaulted roofs of single span and twin-span with eaves livestock greenhouses' structures, with a height of 4.5 meters and with length of span of 9.6 and 14 m. The simulation was carried out in a wind tunnel. The numerical results of pressure coefficients, as well as, the distribution of them are presented and compared with data from Eurocodes for wind actions (EC1, EN 13031-1:2001). The results of the numerical experiment were close to the values given by the Eurocodes mainly on the leeward area of the roof while on the windward area a further segmentation is suggested.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.23-38
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제33권
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• pp.210-255
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• 2000

This study aims to classify the framework and arrangement of interior columns (Naeju) which are used in single-story Buddhist halls into several types, and to develop a theory on the process of changes among those types. Since interior columns are building materials which hold up the roof structure and make partitions in the interior space of halls, their framework and arrangement is closely linked to the development of building technology and is expected to reflect new architectural needs. The kinds of interior columns classified by the shape of framework are goju, chaduju, oepyonju, naepyonju. The arrangement of interior columns can he classified by two methods: One which counts the number of the interior column arrangements in a hall, and the other whose classification relates with the side wall columns - Jeongchibup and yijubup. With the combination of these classifications, we can divide the framework and arrangement of interior columns into 8 types From the remains of Korean and Chinese Architecture, we can presume that before the late-Goryo period, jeongchibup had always been applied in the construction of Buddhist halls, and gamju(column reducing) had only been used in examples of small scale. After the founding of Choseon Kingdom, however, national policy had weakened the economic power of Buddhist temples. Because of that, large-scale outdoor Buddhist mass was replaced by small-scale indoor mass, and for this reason, though the scale of Buddhist halls became smaller, the need for a broad interior space became stronger. Thus in early-Choseon period, reduction of interior columns became widely spread. Those types of framework and arrangement of interior columns where yijubup was applied were developed because the rear interior columns arrangements, in order to expand the interior space, have moved backward. Among these types, yiju-goju and yiju-chaduju were developed for the Buddhist halls with paljak roof(hipped-gabled roof), where the load of their side eaves caused structural problems at the side walls. And oepyonju type was for the small-scale and middle-scale Buddhist halls which needed more interior space but didn't want the extension of roof structure. From the local and periodic distribution of each types, we can conclude that the types jeongchi-goju, jeongchi-chaduju and yiju-chaduju have been settled as typical technique of local carpenters. Oepyonju was developed later than the other types, but for its merit of low cost, it became a popular type across the nation.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2013

본 연구는 과수재배 시설의 표준화 및 환경조절기술개발을 위한 기초자료로 제공하는 것을 목적으로 과수재배용 온실의 실태를 조사하여 구조유형과 설계요소를 분석하고, 기상재해에 대한 안전성과 구조 및 환경관리에 대한 개선방안을 검토하였다. 시설재배 면적이 가장 많은 5개 품목 중 주로 제주도에서 재배되고 있는 감귤과 현재 재배온실을 찾을 수 없는 단감을 제외한 포도, 배 및 복숭아재배 온실을 연구대상으로 하였다. 감귤과 포도재배 온실은 꾸준히 증가하고 있으나 저장시설의 발달로 배와 단감재배 온실은 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 앞으로는 비가림 효과가 크고 저장성이 떨어지는 품목을 중심으로 과수재배 온실의 변화가 예상된다. 조사대상 온실 중 배 재배 온실과 복숭아재배 대형 단동온실을 제외하고는 대체로 보급형 온실의 규격을 따르고 있으며, 재배작목별로 특성화된 온실은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 과수재배 온실의 대부분은 농촌진흥청과 농림수산식품부에서 고시한 농가보급형 모델이나 내재해형 모델의 부재규격을 따르고 있었다. 기초는 대부분 콘크리트 기초를 사용하고 있었으며, 배 재배 온실의 경우에는 내재해형 모델보다 두꺼운 단면의 기둥을 사용하고, 강판을 기둥의 하단에 용접하여 매설한 형태의 특수한 기초를 적용하고 있었다. 조사대상 온실의 구조적 안전성을 검토한 결과 대부분 안전하였으나 김천과 천안의 포도재배 온실, 남원과 천안의 복숭아재배 온실에서 적설에 불안전한 것으로 나타났고, 남원의 복숭아재배 온실은 풍속에 대한 안전성도 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 채소재배 온실을 복숭아재배로 전용한 온실의 경우 적설과 풍하중 모두 상당히 불안정한 것으로 나타났다. 과수의 수형, 수고 및 재식간격을 고려하여 과수 재배 온실의 적정규격을 검토한 결과 포도재배 온실은 폭 7.0~8.0m, 측고 2.5~2.8m가 적당하고, 배와 복숭아재배 온실은 폭 6.0~7.0m, 측고 3.0~3.3m 정도가 적당한 것으로 판단된다.