• Wind and Structures
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.349-368
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• 2016

A preconditioning technique is presented for a simultaneous solution to wind-membrane interaction. In the simultaneous equations, a linear elastic model was employed to deal with the fluid-structure data transfer at the interface. A Lagrange multiplier was introduced to impose the specified boundary conditions at the interface and strongly coupled simultaneous equations are derived after space and time discretization. An initial linear elastic model preconditioner and modified one were derived by treating the linearized elastic model equation as a saddle point problem, respectively. Accordingly, initial and modified fluid-structure interaction (FSI) preconditioner for the simultaneous equations were derived based on the initial and modified linear elastic model preconditioners, respectively. Wind-membrane interaction analysis by the proposed preconditioners, for two and three dimensional membranous structures respectively, was performed. Comparison was made between the performance of initial and modified preconditioners by comparing parameters such as iteration numbers, relative residuals and convergence in FSI computation. The results show that the proposed preconditioning technique greatly improves calculation accuracy and efficiency. The priority of the modified FSI preconditioner is verified. The proposed preconditioning technique provides an efficient solution procedure and paves the way for practical application of simultaneous solution for wind-structure interaction computation.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-58
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• 2014

A numerical simultaneous solution involving a linear elastic model was applied to study the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of membrane structures under wind actions, i.e., formulating the fluid-structure system with a single equation system and solving it simultaneously. The linear elastic model was applied to managing the data transfer at the fluid and structure interface. The monolithic equation of the FSI system was formulated by means of variational forms of equations for the fluid, structure and linear elastic model, and was solved by the Newton-Raphson method. Computation procedures of the proposed simultaneous solution are presented. It was applied to computation of flow around an elastic cylinder and a typical FSI problem to verify the validity and accuracy of the method. Then fluid-structure interaction analyses of a saddle membrane structure under wind actions for three typical cases were performed with the method. Wind pressure, wind-induced responses, displacement power spectra, aerodynamic damping and added mass of the membrane structure were computed and analyzed.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.40-47
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• 2003

In this study, position and force simultaneous trajectory tracking control apparatus with pneumatic cylinder driving system is proposed. The pneumatic cylinder driving system that consists of two pneumatic cylinders constrained in series and two proportional flow control valves offers a considerable advantage as to non-interaction of the actuators because of the low stiffness of the pneumatic actuators. The controller applied to the driving system is composed of a non-interaction controller to compensate for interaction of two cylinders and a disturbance observer to reduce the effect of model discrepancy of the driving system in the low frequency range that cannot be suppressed by the non-interaction controller. The experimental results with the proposed control apparatus show that the interacting effects of two cylinders are eliminated remarkably and the proposed control apparatus tracks the given position and force trajectory accurately.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1107-1115
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• 2005

In this study, a position and force simultaneous trajectory tracking control algorithm is proposed for a driving apparatus that consists of two pneumatic cylinders connected in series. The controller applied to the driving apparatus is composed of a non-interaction controller to compensate for interaction between cylinders and a disturbance observer aimed to reduce the effect of model discrepancy that cannot be compensated by the non-interaction controller. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is proved by experimental results.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1614-1619
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• 2003

In this study, position and force simultaneous trajectory tracking control system with pneumatic cylinder driving apparatus is proposed. The pneumatic cylinder driving apparatus that consists of two pneumatic cylinders constrained in series and two proportional flow control valves offers a considerable advantage as to non-interaction of the actuators because of the low stiffness of the pneumatic cylinders. The controller applied to the driving system is composed of a non-interaction controller to compensate for interaction of two cylinders and a disturbance observer to reduce the effect of model discrepancy of the driving system in the low frequency range that cannot be suppressed by the non-interaction controller. The experimental results with the proposed control system show that the interacting effects of two cylinders are eliminated remarkably and the proposed control system tracks the given position and force trajectories accurately.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1998

In our time the parent's role is changing from sexually differentiated to androgynous pattern. Mother's interction with infant includes caring and father's interaction especially have play. Father and mother share the caring and play because they have complementary nature. Infants have a tendency to show more positive responses to their fathers than mothers in play situations. For that reason we can help the promotion of father's interaction with his infant through ascertaining patterns of father-infant play interaction. This study was to find out patterns of father-infant play interaction in order to improve the Interaction between father and infant. Data was video-taped from 6 fathers and infants who were healthy and first-timed and 7-11 weeks old in their houses. I used Father-Infant Play Interaction Scale that was applied to father instead of mother as a care-giver. The scale was checked up by experts in this field for content validity and the reliability was 0.95 in this study. The results were as follows : 1. Father's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about infant's cue. The mean score was 33.16(SD, 9.11), This means they come up to the standard level of responses about infant's cue. 2. Infant's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about father's cue. The mean score was 7.00(SD,3.10). This means they get the higher level of responses about father's cue. 3. The patterns of simultaneous responses occured together between father and infant. The mean score was 9.58 (SD, 3.96). This means they reach the standard level of simultaneous responses between father and infant. 4. The patterns of interactional behaviors occured interpersonally between father and infant. The mean score was 49.75(SD, 15.80). This means they interact on the standard level of play interaction. In view of the results father's play interaction seems to reveal an average level and play patterns are similar to mother's. In order to ascertain definitely patterns of father-infant play interaction we need further research which has more subjects and variables to have important effects.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.44-56
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine how the presentation mode (sequential- vs. simultaneous-mode) of information influences its evaluation. Three experiments revealed the interaction effect between the presentation mode and the valence of the product information. When respondents read about the positive aspects of the product, the evaluation was higher in the simultaneous presentation mode than in the sequential presentation mode. For negative product information, respondents' evaluation was higher in the sequential presentation mode than in the simultaneous presentation mode. The simultaneous presentation mode intensified the impact of the information valence on evaluation. This study proposed that the sequential and the simultaneous presentation modes prime high and low construal levels, respectively. The mediation analysis provides support for such a prediction. Finally, the mediating effect of construal levels in evaluation was shown to disappear when respondents focused on the product information for a longer duration, while the mediation effect remained when the response time was short.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.68-77
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• 2020

VR (Virtual Reality) contents make the audience perceive virtual space as real through the virtual Z axis which creates a space that could not be created in 2D due to the space between the eyes of the audience. This visual change has led to the need for technological changes to sound and sound sources inserted into VR contents. However, studies to increase immersion in VR contents are still more focused on scientific and visual fields. This is because composing and producing VR sounds require professional views in two areas: sound-based engineering and computer-based interactive sound engineering. Sound-based engineering is difficult to reflect changes in user interaction or time and space by directing the sound effects, script sound, and background music according to the storyboard organized by the director. However, it has the advantage of producing the sound effects, script sound, and background music in one track and not having to go through the coding phase. Computer-based interactive sound engineering, on the other hand, is produced in different files, including the sound effects, script sound, and background music. It can increase immersion by reflecting user interaction or time and space, but it can also suffer from noise cancelling and sound collisions. Therefore in this study, the following methods were devised and utilized to produce sound for VR contents called "A Midsummer Night" so as to take advantage of each sound-making technology. First, the storyboard is analyzed according to the user's interaction. It is to analyze sound effects, script sound, and background music which is required according to user interaction. Second, the sounds are classified and analyzed as 'simultaneous sound' and 'individual sound'. Thirdly, work on interaction coding for sound effects, script sound, and background music that were produced from the simultaneous sound and individual time sound categories is done. Then, the contents are completed by applying the sound to the video. By going through the process, sound quality inhibitors such as noise cancelling can be removed while allowing sound production that fits to user interaction and time and space.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.886-892
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• 2006

The interaction between tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl) with ICl and tetraethylammonium iodide (TEAI) and aza-15-crown-5 (A15C5) with $I_2$ and ICl have been examined spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile solution. The results of TEACl-ICl indicate the formation of $ICl_2$ - through equilibrium reaction. In the case of TEAI-$I_2$ and A15C5-$I_2$, the equilibrium formation of $I_3$ - is confirmed. The interaction of TEAI-ICl begins with the simultaneous production of $I_2$ and IC$I_2$ - (at TEAI/ICl < 0.5) as well as continues with the simultaneous consumption of $I_2$ and formation of I$I_3$ - (at TEAI/ICl > 0.5). Similar behavior is also observed for A15C5-ICl system. However, the changes are seen at A15C5/ICl mole ratios less and more than 0.66. Several equations have been suggested for the formation of detected species. The formation constants of various reactions were evaluated from the computer fitting of the absorbance-mole ratio data. IR spectra of A15C5 and 1:1 A15C5:ICl or A15C5:$I_2$ complexes are compared and the effect of complexation on absorption bands is discussed.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.1960-1963
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• 2003

For applications such as video surveillance and human computer interface, we propose an efficiently integrated method to detect and track faces. Various visual cues are combined to the algorithm: motion, skin color, global appearance and facial pattern detection. The ICA (Independent Component Analysis)-SVM (Support Vector Machine based pattern detection is performed on the candidate region extracted by motion, color and global appearance information. Simultaneous execution of detection and short-term tracking also increases the rate and accuracy of detection. Experimental results show that our detection rate is 91％ with very few false alarms running at about 4 frames per second for 640 by 480 pixel images on a Pentium IV 1㎓.