• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.13-26
• /
• 1987

One-year-old seedlings of Ginkgo biloba, potted in three different soils (nursery soil, mixed and sandy soil), were treated with simulated acid rain (pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) and tap water (control, pH 6.4) during the growing seasons (1985. 4. 28 - 1985. 10. 19) to examine the effects of acid rain on growth and physiological characteristics, and the relations between seedling growth and physiological characteristics. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. The effects of soil types on the total, top and root dry weight per seedling were significant at 5% level, and those of the pH of the rain treated at 1% level. The total dry weight of the pH 3.0 sub-plots was the highest for nursery soil, while for mixed and sandy soils, those of the control and the pH 5.0 sub-plots were the highest, respectively. 2. The leaf surface areas of pH 2.0 sub-plots severely decreased after July, but those of other sub-plots were not affected. The correlations between growth and leaf surface area differed among soil-types, however, the highest positive correlation was found in September. 3. The injured leaf rate increased with decreasing pH levels of acid rain. Highly negative correlations between growth and injured leaf rate were found. 4. The lower the pH level of acid rain treated was, the more the chlorophyll content was measured at the beginning of treatment, and the more severely it decreased at late growing season. A negative correlations were found in August, September and Octobfer. 5. The photosynthetic ability decreased rapidly after July with decreasing pH levels. A highly positive correlation between growth and photosynthetic ability was found in August.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 1999

This study measured the soaking effects of two brassinosteroids(BRs), homobrassinolide(hBR : 225, 23S-homobrassinolide) and epibrassinolide(epiBR : 22R, 23R. 24R-$2{\alpha}$, $3{\alpha}$, 22, 23-Tetrahydroxy-B-homo-7-oxa-$5{\alpha}$-ergostan-6-one) on the germination of two rice cultivars, 'Milyang 23' and 'Naepungbyeo' exposed to simulated acid rain(SAR). The results suggested that promoting effect of two BRs on alleviating damage to SAR would be attributed to the promotion of plant growth, root elongation, and particularly germination rate of both cultivars. Eight organic acids were determined by HPLC. Succinic acid acetic acid in 'Milyang 23' under SAR were highest among eight organic acids.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.207-216
• /
• 1996

Simulated acid rain(SAR) treatment caused a lethal effect on the newly germinated seedlings of Capsicum annum cv. Komyung even though the germination rate of the seeds was stimulated by the treatment of SAR. Young germinated seedlings were much more sensitive to SAR than the already-grown seedlings. The typical symptom caused by SAR was white spot or lesion on the leaf and appeared readily and severely at the low pH of SAR. Generally, Phytophthora rot was severer in SAR treatments than in control. However, the disease was less severe in lower pH of the SAR treatment than in higher pH. Pathogen inoculation following the SAR treatment increased the disease. The severest Phytophthora rot was observed in the SAR treatment of pH 4.0 or 4.5 regardless of the inoculation time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.407-413
• /
• 1998

The influence of the anion composition of simulated acid rain on cation leaching of two soils with different surface charge properties was examined. Four mixtures of mole ratio of $SO_4:NO_3$(1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 0:1) with pH 2.0 simulated acid rain were applied to an Inceptisols(Gyuam series) and Andisols(Pyeongdae series). The Andisols had higher $SO_4{^{2-}}$ adsorption capacity than the Inceptisols because of its higher point of zero charge(PZC, pH 6.5) than Inceptisols(PZC pH 3.1). Cation leaching in Andisols varied directly with the $NO_3$ content of the leaching input due to higher mobility of $NO_3$ compared with $SO_4$ that was absorbed. The pH of the Andisols was higher with the addition of $Na_2SO_4$ than the addition of $NaNO_3$ indicating that this soil behaves as a base and has a high $SO_4$ adsorption capacity. The relative $NO_3{^-}/SO_4{^{2-}}$ content input had no effect on cation leaching of the Inceptisols. Amounts of leaching on the Andisols by simulated acid rain were higher than Inceptisols. This experiment explained that anion composition of acid rain plays a significant role in the cation leaching of soils which are able to adsorb $SO_4$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.223-233
• /
• 2013

Acid deposition is one of the most serious environmental problems in ecosystems. The present study surveyed the effects of simulated acid rain on leaf litter mass loss and microbial community in the decomposing leaf litter of Sorbus anifolia in a microcosm at $23^{\circ}C$ and 40% humidity. Microbial biomass was measured by substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and the microbial community structures were determined by composition of PLFAs at each interval of decomposition in litter sample and at each pH treatment. The microbial biomass showed peaks at mid-stage of decomposition, decreasing at the late stage. The leaf litter mass loss of S. anifolia decreased with decreasing pH during early and mid-decomposition stages; however the mass loss becomes similar between pH treatments at late-decomposition stage. The acidification remarkably lowers the microbial biomass of bacteria and fungi; however, microbial diversity was unchanged between pH treatments at each stage of litter decomposition. With changes of decomposition stage and pH treatment there were considerable differences in replacement and compensation of microbial species. Fungi/bacteria ratio was considerably changed by pH treatment. The PLFA profile showed significantly larger fungi/bacteria ratio at pH 5 than pH 3 at the early stage of decomposition, and the difference becomes smaller at the later decomposition stage. At low pH, pH 3 and pH 4, the fungi/bacteria ratios were stable according to the litter decomposition stages. Simulated acid rain caused decreases of 10Me17:0, 16:1${\omega}$7c, 18:1${\omega}$7, 15:0, but increase of 24:0. In addition, litter mass loss showed significant positive correlation with microbial biomass measured by SIR and PLFA on the decomposing leaf litter.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of acid rain in spraying copper hydroxide 77% wettable power(WP) on leaf surface morphology and crop injury of the garlic(Allium sativum L.). Leaf chlorosis, hooked leaves, wrinkled epidermal cells and increased stomata open of garlic were induced by foliar application of simulated acid rain(SAR). It was become to be severe in application of copper hydroxide solution after application of SAR, but those yield of garlic was not significantly different from the untreated control. Leaf chlorosis was sharply increased above 100 ppm of copper ions. Amount of solved copper ions in copper hydroxide solution was remarkably increased below pH 5.5 and the residue in garlic leaves was significantly increased by application of copper hydroxide solution after spraying SAR compared with application of copper hydroxide solution only. When calcium carbonate was applied together with copper hydroxide leaf chlorosis was less than copper hydroxide only.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.73 no.1
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 1986

Anatomy of Pinus koraiensis needles and Ginkgo biloba leaves was investigated after exposure to simulated acid rain, drought and salt solution. All of the stresses applied to the needle of Pinus koraiensis caused collapse of mesophyll tissues; epidermis was collapsed due to acid rain, severe compress and transformation of epidermis, mesophyll, and endodermis to drought, and collapse of phloem and transfusion tissue to salt solution. Spongy mesophyll tissues, however, collapsed in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba; epidermis and palisade tissues collapsed due to acid rain, compress and transformation of spongy mesophyll tissues to drought, and hypertrophy and collapse of endodermis and transfusion tissues to salt solution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.97 no.3
• /
• pp.204-214
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of simulated acid rain on growth of Liliodendron tulipifera seedlings. The seedlings were treated with four levels of simulated acid rain, 5.6, 4.9, 3.9, or 2.9, and dry weight, growth of stem and root were investigated. There were statistically significant differences at 1% and 5% in the total dry weight of the above-part among the simulated acid rain treated groups with different levels of pH and different types of soil. The dry weight of the above part tended to decrease as the acidity of the simulated acid rain increases. The total dry weight of the below-part was significantly different according to the levels of acidity of the acid rain in all three soils and was shown a significant difference according to the soil types at only pH 2.9 plot. The dry weight of the below part in soils A and C decreased as the pH level decreases. The rate of stem growth was significantly different among the treatment groups of acidity of the acid rain at significance level of 0.01 and among the treatment groups of soil types at 0.01 and 0.05 levels from June to August. In all three soil types, the greatest stem growth occurred during the period of June. Moreover, stem growth was promoted at pH 3.9 plot and pH 4.9 plot whereas it was suppressed at pH 2.9 plot. Though the amount of fine roots and very fine roots in soil depth of 0-7 cm and 7-14 cm were significantly different among the treatment groups of pH level, fine root was not shown a significant difference among the pH groups in soil depth of 14-21cm. The types of soil significantly affected only on the amount of the very fine root.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.152-159
• /
• 2011

The effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) on fatty acid composition and biochemical defense responses of plant was investigated. Garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) was exposed to four pH levels (5.6, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0) of SAR and placed in the growth chambers for 2 weeks. SAR drastically inhibited chlorophyll content of garden balsam. The level of $H_2O_2$ was significantly increased by SAR. As pH levels decreased from 5.6 to 2.0, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids of garden balsam was increased. Changes of three major polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) of garden balsam leaves were observed. All of the polyamine contents were increased with SAR. Catalase activities of the plant affected by SAR were increased as the pH decreased. The results indicate that the application of SAR generates oxidative stresses from the garden balsam and retards the plant growth significantly. A biochemical protect mechanism might be activated to neutralize the oxidative stresses generated through SAR.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.77 no.4
• /
• pp.453-459
• /
• 1988

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effects of acid rain on tree growth and on the mycorrhizal formation and the effects of mycorrhizae on the host tolerance to acid rain. Simulated acid rain was applied for five months to Pinus $rigida{\times}taeda$ seedlings in pots inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Suillus luteus (Sl). Mycelial inocula of Pt and Sl were either mixed with entire pot soil (Mix) or casted as a band (Band) after soil sterilization. Three pH levels of acid rain (pH 3.0, 4.5 and 6.4 adjusted by 3 : 1 mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids) were tested. Pt-Mix was most effective in growth stimulation and resulted in 45-90% increase in tree height in sandy loam. Pt-Band was less effective than Pt-Mix in growth stimulation and mycorrhizal formation. Simulated acid rain at pH 4.5 stimulated height growth by 10-55%, while acid rain at pH 3.0 did not significantly affect the height growth. The top/root ratio was increased by pH 4.5 treatment, while pH 3.0 treatment reduced it. Mycorrhizal infection rate was not affected by acid rain. Pt inoculation reduced acid-induced leaf injury by 28-58% in both pH 3.0 and 4.5 compared with un-inoculated plants. Sl was also effective in growth enhancement, but was less effective than Pt in both mycorrhizal infection and reducing leaf injury.