• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.659-670
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• 2024

The mechanical behaviour of layered concrete samples containing an internal crack was numerically studied by modelling the geo-mechanical specimens in the particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). The numerical modelling software was calibrated with the experimental results of the Brazilian tensile strengths gained from the laboratory disc-type specimens. Then, the samples with the bedding layers and internal notch were numerically simulated with PFC2D under uniaxial compressive loading. In each specimen, the layers' thickness was 10 mm but the layer's inclination angle was changed to 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120° and 150°. Of course, the layers'interfaces are considered to have very low strengths. The internal notch was kept at 3 cm in length however, its inclination angle was changed to 0°, 40°, 60° and 90°. Therefore, a total, of 24 numerical models were made to study the failure mechanism of the layered concrete samples. Considering these results, it has been concluded that the inclination angles of both internal crack and bedding layers affect the failure mechanism and uniaxial compressive strength of the concrete.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2004

최대 선출력 61 ㎾/m 및 평균 연소도 1,770 ㎿d/tU의 조건으로 하나로에서 조사한 DUPIC(Direct Use of Spent PWR Fuel in CANDU Reactors) 핵 연료를 EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer)를 이용하여 핵분열 생성물을 분석하였다. EPMA의 정확한 분석 방법을 확립하고자, 핵분열생성물 대신 시약을 첨가하여 제조한 모의 DUPIC 핵연료로 EPMA 분석을 수행하였고, 그 결과를 습식 화학 분석의 결과와도 비교하여 평가하였다. 모의 DUPIC 핵연료 중심부의 금속 석출물은 약 1 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도의 크기로 관찰되었으며, 이들의 조성은 Mo-53.89 at.%, Ru-37.40 at.% 및 Pd+Rh-8.71 at%이었다. 모의 DUPIC 핵연료 시험에서 정립한 시험방법으로 조사한 DUPIC 핵연료 시편의 금속 석출물 특성을 분석하였다. 핵연료 중앙부에서 관찰된 금속 석출물들의 크기는 2∼2.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도이었으며, Mo-47.34 at.%, Ru-46 at.%, Pd+Rh-6.65 at.%의 조성임을 확인하였다. 이 실험을 위하여, 특별히 시료의 전도성을 향상시키기 위한 처리를 하였으며, 작은 금속 석출물에 EPMA의 전자빔을 정확히 조사할 수 있는 실험 조건을 제시하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.571-577
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• 2018

본 선회다짐기는 도로 현장에서 가장 많이 사용하는 다짐 롤러의 다짐 특성을 반영하기 위해 개발된 실내 다짐장비이다. 기존의 충격을 이용한 프록터 다짐과는 달리 압축력과 회전을 통한 전단력을 이용한 현장 롤러의 다짐특성을 모사하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 기존의 프록터 다짐과정에서 얻기 힘든 전단응력 및 다짐중의 밀도변화 특성 등을 선회다짐기를 이용하여 평가하고, 이를 도로설계에 반영할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용하는 것이다. 이러한 선회다짐기를 이용하여 도로 현장 및 지하매설물 시공 시 가장 많이 사용되는 모래 및 노상토의 다짐 특성을 분석 및 평가하였다. 선회다짐기를 이용한 다짐 특성은 기본적으로 선회다짐 횟수와 시편의 높이, 다짐밀도, 간극비, 포화도 및 전단응력이다. 선회다짐 횟수가 증가할수록 시편의 높이는 작아지고, 간극비는 작아지고, 다짐 밀도는 증가하고, 포화도는 증가하며, 전단응력은 커지는 경향을 보였다. 전단응력은 다짐 초기에 200kPa 수준에서 시작하여 선회다짐 횟수 50회 정도가 되면 대략 330-350 kPa 수준으로 증가하였다. 동일한 시편의 경우 함수비가 커짐에 따라 다짐 밀도, 포화도 및 전단응력이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 선회다짐기를 이용한 다짐은 밀도 및 전단응력 등 도로 설계 시 필요한 물성을 측정할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있어 이를 도로설계시 반영한다면 더 공학적인 도로설계를 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.232-242
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• 2003

Statement of problem : Fiber-reinforced posts have lower modulus of elasticity than titanium post or cast post-core. With this similar elasticity to that of dentin, fiber-reinforced posts have been known to have a tendency to reduce the risk of root fracture. However, there were few studies on the teeth restored with fiber-reinforced posts under the condition of reduced periodontal support. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength and failure mode of endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber-reinforced posts and titanium posts under the condition of reduced periodontal support. Material and method : Extracted human maxillary incisor roots were divided into 3 groups (group 1 carbon fiber post, group 2 : glass fiber post, and group 3 : titanium alloy post). After coronectomy and endodontic treatment, teeth were restored with each post systems and resin core according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Then, teeth with simulated periodontal ligament were embedded in the acrylic resin blocks at the level of 4 mm below the cemento-enamel junction. Each specimen was exposed to $10^5$ load cycles with average 30 N force in $36.5^{\circ}C$ water using a computer-controlled chewing simulator. Loads were applied at $45^{\circ}$ angle to the long axis of the teeth. After cyclic loading, teeth were subjected a compressive load until failure at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Fracture strength (N) and failure mode were examined. The fracture strength was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe adjustment at the 95% significance level. Results and conclusion : The results were as follows. 1. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean fracture strength among the groups (P<.05). 2. Carbon fiber post and glass fiber post group showed less root fracture tendency than control group. 3. All specimens with root fractures showed fracture lines above the level of acrylic resin block, except for only one specimen in group 3.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 TBM 디스크 커터의 암석절삭에 관하여 기존의 LCM시험을 모사하기 위한 수치해석을 실시하였다. 수치모사를 위하여 3차원 동적 파괴해석이 가능한 상용 프로그램인 AUTODYN-3D를 선정하였으며, 이를 통하여 각기 다른 4가지 이상의 커터간격 조건에 대해 수치해석을 수행하였다. 상기 프로그램 상에서 디스크 커터와 암석 시편을 3차원 형상으로 모델링 한 후, 8개 암종에 대해서 수치적 절삭시험을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 수치해석과 LCM시험에서 도출된 최적 커터간격은 대체로 일치하여, 추후 LCM시험결과를 보완할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나 등방성 암석에는 적용성이 매우 높았던 반면, 절리가 존재하거나 이방성을 가지는 암석의 경우에는 LCM시험결과와 비교하여 비에너지가 다소 크게 산출되었다. 따라서 이방성 암석의 모델링에 대한 추가적인 연구가 수반되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2016

The effect of alloying element Ca (0, 1, and 2 wt%) on corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the as-received and anodized surface of rolled plate AM60 alloys was investigated. A plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was carried out to form anodic oxide film in $0.5mol\;dm^{-3}\;Na_3PO_4$ solution. The corrosion behavior was studied by polarization measurements while the in vitro bioactivity was tested by soaking the specimens in Simulated Body Fluid (1.5xSBF). Optical micrograph and elemental analysis of the substrate surfaces indicated that the number of intermetallic particles increased with Ca content in the alloys owing to the formation of a new phase $Al_2Ca$. The corrosion resistance of AM60 specimens improved only slightly by alloying with 2 wt% Ca which was attributed to the reticular distribution of $Al_2Ca$ phase existed in the alloy that might became barrier for corrosion propagation across grain boundaries. Corrosion resistance of the three alloys was significantly improved by coating the substrates with anodic oxide film formed by PEO. The film mainly composed of magnesium phosphate with thickness in the range $30-40{\mu}m$. The heat resistant phase of $Al_2Ca$ was believed to retard the plasma discharge during anodization and, hence, decreased the film thickness of Ca-containing alloys. The highest apatite forming ability in 1.5xSBF was observed for AM60-1Ca specimens (both substrate and anodized) that exhibited more degradation than the other two alloys as indicated by surface observation. The increase of surface roughness and the degree of supersaturation of 1.5xSBF due to dissolution of Mg ions from the substrate surface or the release of film compounds from the anodized surface are important factors to enhance deposition of Ca-P compound on the specimen surfaces.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.235-248
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• 2020

Progressive collapse in a structure occurs when load bearing members are failed and the adjoining structural elements cannot resist the redistributed forces and fails subsequently, that leads to complete collapse of structure. Recently, construction using precast concrete technology is adopted increasingly because it offers many advantages like faster construction, less requirement of skilled labours at site, reduced formwork and scaffolding, massive production with reduced amount of construction waste, better quality and better surface finishing as compared to conventional reinforced concrete construction. Connections are the critical elements for any precast structure, because in past, major collapse of precast structure took place because of connection failure. In this study, behavior of four different precast wet connections with U shaped reinforcement bars provided at different locations is evaluated. Reduced 1/3^rd scale precast beam column assemblies having two span beam and three columns with removed middle column are constructed and examined by performing experiments. The response of precast connections is compared with monolithic connection, under column removal scenario. The connection region of test specimens are filled by cast-in-place micro concrete with and without polypropylene fibers. Performance of specimen is evaluated on the basis of ultimate load carrying capacity, maximum deflection at the location of removed middle column, crack formation and failure propagation. Further, Finite element (FE) analysis is carried out for validation of experimental studies and understanding the performance of structural components. Monolithic and precast beam column assemblies are modeled using non-linear Finite Element (FE) analysis based software ABAQUS. Actual experimental conditions are simulated using appropriate boundary and loading conditions. Finite Element simulation results in terms of load versus deflection are compared with that of experimental study. The nonlinear FE analysis results shows good agreement with experimental results.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2002

In this study, the progressive inelastic deformation, so called, thermal ratchet phenomenon which can occur in high temperature structures of liquid metal reactor was simulated with thermal ratchet structural test facility and 316L stainless steel test cylinder. The thermal ratchet deformation at the reactor baffle cylinder of the liquid metal reactor can occur due to the moving temperature distribution along the axial direction as the sodium free surface moves up and down under the cyclic heat-up and cool-down transients. The ratchet deformation was measured with the laser displacement sensor and LVDTs after cooling the structural specimen which is heated up to 55$0^{\circ}C$ with steep temperature gradients along the axial direction. The temperature distribution of the test cylinder along the axial direction was measured with 28 channels of thermocouples and was used for the ratchet analysis. The thermal ratchet deformation was analyzed with the constitutive equation of nonlinear combined hardening model which was implemented as ABAQUS user subroutine and the analysis results were compared with those of the test. Thermal ratchet load was applied 9 times and the residual displacement after 9 cycles of thermal load was measured to be 1.79mm. The ratcheting deformation shapes obtained by the analysis with the combined hardening model were in reasonable agreement with those of the structural tests.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2007

Injection molding is one of the most common operations in polymer processing. Good quality products are usually obtained and major post-processing treatment is not required. However, residual stresses which exist in plastic parts affect the final shape and mechanical properties after ejection. Residual stresses are caused by polymer melt flow, pressure distribution, non-uniform temperature field, and density distribution. Residual stresses are predicted in this study by numerical methods using commercially available softwares, $Hypermesh^{TM},\;Moldflow^{TM}\;and\;ABAQUS^{TM}$. Cavity filling, packing, and cooling stages are simulated to predict residual stress field right after ejection by assuming an isotropic elastic solid. Thermo-viscoelastic stress analysis is carried out to predict deformation and residual stress distribution after annealing of the part. Residual stresses are measured by the hole drilling method because the automotive part selected in this study has a complex shape. Residual stress distribution predicted by the thermal stress analysis is compared with the measurement results obtained by the hole drilling method. The molded specimen has residual stress distribution in tension, compression, and tension from the surface to the center of the part. Viscoelastic deformation of the part is predicted during annealing and the deformed geometry is compared with that measured by a three dimensional scanner. The viscoelastic stress analysis with a thermal cycle will enable us to predict long term behavior of the injection molded polymeric parts.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.862-868
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• 2010

국내에서 미국과 상호항공안전협정 체결을 위해 소형 항공기를 개발 중이다. 연구 대상 항공기는 경량화를 위하여 전기체 복합재료가 적용되었다. 그러나 복합재 구조는 충격 손상에 취약하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 항공기 복합재 구조의 손상 평가 및 유지 보수 기법 연구를 수행하였다. 탄소/에폭시 UD 라미네이트와 탄소/에폭시 패브릭 스킨-허니컴코어 샌드위치 복합재 라미네이트의 손상은 중량 낙하식 충격 시험기를 활용하여 모사되었으며 손상된 시편은 손상 부위 제거 후 외부 패치 적용 방안을 적용하여 수리하였다. 손상 전 시편, 손상 후 시편, 유지 보수된 시편의 압축 강도 시험 및 해석 결과를 비교하였다. 그리고 마지막으로 유지 보수 후 강도 복원 능력이 평가되었다.