• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used BFR (brominated flame retardants) as a reactive flame retardant in printed circuit boards, and as additive applications in several types of polymers. The purpose of this study is to assess the adverse effects of TBBPA on the benthic amphipod (Hyalella azteca). Results on the acute toxicity of TBBPA using Hyalella azteca showed that NOEC and LOEC are 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, respectively. In addition, when chronic toxicity of TBBPA was investigated at the concentration ranges between 0.01 to 100mg/kg, it was found that NOECs are $10mg/kg(fecundity){\sim}100mg/kg(viability)$, respectively. Significant fecundity inhibition was appeared at 100mg/kg of TBBPA, however, this concentration did not show severe adverse effect on weight increment. The values of PNEC were determined as 0.1mg/kg (fecundity) and 1mg/kg (lethal effect), respectively, using a safety factor suggested by EU and OECD.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2009

The goal of this study was to develop new functional pear wine using six Asian pears (Pyrus pyrifolia, Nakai), namely Wonhwang, Niitaka, Whangkeumbae, Whasan, Gamcheonbae and Chuwhangbae. To select optimal yeast and pear, we investigated the physicochemical properties of the pear wines from fermentation of musts of six pear cultivars at $25^{\circ}C$ for 7 days by several yeasts. $11.2%{\sim}12.4%$ of ethanol from musts of 'Wonhwang', 'Whangkeumbae' and 'Whasan' were produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae K-7 and 12.8% of ethanol was also produced from 'Niitaka' by commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae C-2. 9.9% and 11.4% of ethanol were produced from musts of 'Gamcheonbae' and 'Chuwhangbae' by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7904, respectively. Among several pear wines, Niitaka pear wine showed the best acceptability in the sensory evaluation, and Niitaka pear wine and Whangkeumbae pear wine showed 31.1% and 27.8% of antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity, respectively. However, the other functionalities were not detected or very low. Furthermore, Niitaka-strawberry mixed fermentation wine was showed the excellent acceptability and high antihypertensive ACE inhibitory activity of 64.9%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.2228-2232
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• 2008

삽교천 수계에 위치하고 있는 지점들은 유역면적이 작은 지점들과 삽교천 갑문의 영향에 의한 배수영향을 받는 지점들로 인하여 수문관측에 어려움이 많아 수위-유량관계곡선개발이 매우 어려운 지점들이다. 따라서 2007년 유량측정성과들을 이용하여 보다 정확한 수위-유량관계곡선개발을 하기 위해서 각 지점별 유량측정성과의 기준측선수, 최대구간유량비, 불확실도 분석 등을 통해 유량측정성과를 분석하였으며, 연유출률 분석, 상 하류 유량 비교, 평 저수시 동시유량 검토, 수위-유량관계곡선 불확실도 분석으로 수위-유량관계곡선의 신뢰도를 검토하였다. 금회 삽교천 수계에서 유량측정된 지점은 수촌, 원평, 매곡, 온천, 충무교 지점이며, 충무교 지점을 제외한 4개 지점은 2007년 수위자료를 이용하였고, 충무교 지점은 충무교 지점 하류의 보 영향으로 계기수위 0.855m(GZF)이상의 수위를 보이는 기간인 7월 19일$\sim$10월 24일까지 기간의 수위자료를 이용하여 순 유출률을 산정하였다. 각 지점별로 순 유출률을 보면 수촌 64.4%, 원평 44.1%, 매곡 56.3%, 온천 56.1%, 충무교 88.2%로 산정되었으며, 대체적으로 적절한 연 유출률을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서 수행한 삽교천 수계 5개 지점의 측정성과를 이용한 유출특성 분석 결과, 기존의 성과에 비하여 좋은 결과를 얻은 것으로 판단되지만, 본 연구에서 수행한 유량측정에서도 많은 문제점이 발생하였기 때문에 이런 경험과 기술들을 지속적으로 축적한다면 향후 더 정밀한 유량측정성과를 확보할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 효과적인 치수 및 이수계획의 수립 등 수자원 개발에 가장 기초가 되는 정확한 수문분석 자료의 확보를 위한 기반을 마련할 수 있을 것이다.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

Objectives : In this study, we investigated the biological activities such as anti-obesity using Samwondan ethanol extract (SWD). SWD is a complex with Salicornia herbacea Linnaeus, Saururus chinensis Baill and Houttuynia cordata Thunberg as the main raw material.Methods : The SWD was extracted 80% ethanol. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced adipogenesis by differentiation media with SWD at 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL. Effect of SWD performed using MTT assay, oil red O staining (observation by microscope), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Also we measured production of triglyceride (TG), fatty acid, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC).Results : Non-cytotoxicity was in all test group from range of 1 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL on pre-adipocyte. The droplet and production of lipid were decreased significantly by the SWD. And TG was decreased by approximately 89%, 85% and 82%, upon the SWD treatment at concentration of 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL. Moreover, the SWD showed inhibitory effects on the expression of the C/EBP (CCAAT/enhaner binding protein)β, C/EBPα, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγgenes in adipocytes. The SWD at 100 μg/mL concentration showed inhibitory effect on fatty acid production by 79%. Also ACC production were decreased dose-dependently.Conclusions : From the results above, we concluded that the SWD indicated significantly anti-obesity effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2014

As part of a balanced testing battery, subchronic inhalation studies on rats are performed to ensure that proposed cigarette modifications do not increase the toxicity of smoke and to demonstrate any instances where a modification may actually contribute to harm reduction. For subchronic inhalation studies with aerosols, the OECD suggests an exposure regimen of 6 hours/day (OECD Guideline 413, 1981), but alternative regimens have also been published: 1 hour/day and $2{\times}1$ hour/day. The aim of this study was to validate a rodent nose-only exposure system for the assessment of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke. In this study, cigarette smoke exposure system is consisted of cigarette smoke generator, smoke concentration adjusting system, and 20-port nose-only exposure system. Male SD rats were exposed for 35 days ($2{\times}1$ hour/day) to 3R4F Reference cigarette smoke and analysed major monitoring items of OECD Gudeline 413. WTPM, was measured in the test atmosphere, respiratory function (Buxco Biosystems) during exposure, postexposure urinary exposure biomarkers and alveolar neutrophiles in BAL fluid (Day 35) were evaluated. Validation demonstrated steady WTPM ($257{\pm}20ug/L$, $502{\pm}27ug/L$) and spatial uniformity (<10%). Nose port temperature ($22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$ and RH (45~75%) were acceptable over 35 days. Reductions in respiratory rate and minute volume and increase in the neutrophiles in BALF and the urinary exposure biomarkers were observed cigarette smoke dose dependently. This validation and 35-day inhalation study has shown that the rodent nose-only exposure system may be useful in the inhalation toxicity assessment of cigarette smoke.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1062-1067
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• 1994

The chemistry of 5-methyl-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid ester synthesis involves three distinct reaction steps. Of these the rate of formation of diketone was found to be a function of oxime and HCl concentration and temperature by the batch experiment. The decomposition of diketone was found to be a slow process whereas temperature was the only variable to affect it significantly. An empirical rate expression for the net formation of diketone fits the experminetal data satisfactorily. The principal objectives of this study are to study the kinetics of the diketone formation reaction and to develop the empirical rate expression.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.57.2-57.2
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• 2014

Red active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are supposed to be transitional objects becoming normal AGNs in the galaxy evolution scenario. So far, ~200 red AGNs have been found by very red color in optical through NIR wavelength (e.g., r'-K >5 and J-K>1.3; Urrutia et al. 2009). Here, we compare nuclear activities of the red AGNs to those of normal AGNs to verify the evolutionary phase of the red AGNs. In order to study the nuclear activities of the red AGNs, we use broad emission lines of $P{\beta}$ ($1.28{\mu}m$) of which flux is less suppressed by a factor of 100 than the $H{\beta}$ line in the case of the red AGNs with a color excess of E(B-V)=2 mag. We use 16 red AGNs discovered in previous red AGN surveys by using SDSS, 2MASS, and FIRST (Glikman et al. 2007; Urrutia et al. 2009) at z ~0.7 for which $P{\beta}$ lines are redshifted to the sky window at ${\sim}2.2{\mu}m$. The mean Eddington ratio of the 16 red AGNs is 0.562, and that of the normal AGNs is 0.320, which indicates the red AGNs include more active black hole (BH) than the normal AGNs. To test how significantly the nuclear activities of the red AGNs and the normal AGNs are different, we perform a two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test) on their Eddington ratio distributions. The K-S test shows the maximum deviation between the cumulative distributions, D, is 0.48, and the probability of null hypothesis, p, is even less than 0.001. This result is consistent with a picture of that the red AGNs are in intermediate phase between the stage of merger-driven starburst galaxy and the normal AGN.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1987

Crease cut pearled baller was studied in relation to product and quality, and processing electricity requirement with various pearling yields. 1. Increasing the pearling rate resulted in increasing broken grain of cut-Polished barley. 2. The range of length/width ratio in cut-polished baller were from 2.09 to 2.13 and those of pearled barley were 1.36, respectively. 3. Cut-polished barley required more electricity than pearled barley at the same polishing rate. As pearling rate increased at first polishing before cutting, total electricity requirement of cut-polished barley reduced significantly.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.9A no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2002

The effective and accurate data flow problem analysis uses the dominator tree and DJ graphs. The data flow problem solving is to safely reduce the flow graph to the dominator tree. The flow graph replaces a parse tree and used to accurately reduce either reducible or irreducible flow graph to the dominator tree. In this paper, in order to utilize Tarian's path compress algorithm, the Top node finding algorithm is suggested and the existing delay reduction algorithm is improved using Path compression. The delayed reduction a1gorithm using path compression actually compresses the pathway of the dominator tree by hoisting the node while reducing to delay the DJ graph. Realty, the suggested algorithm had hoisted nodes in 22% and had compressed path in 20%. The compressed dominator tree makes it possible to analyze the effective data flow analysis and brings the improved effect for the complexity of code optimization process with the node hoisting effect of code optimization process.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.51-57
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• 2013

Energy saving starts by knowing how much energy is being consumed. A building factor is easier than any other things in energy saving. Since, especially, it is closely connected with user's space-use-patterns and manager's utility-operation-style. An energy metering system lets building users know about energy consumption pattern in buildings and measure energy in real time. Development and materialization of metering systems need more careful plans, so that they depend on a demand of individual facilities and available infrastructures they used to use. But, so far, there is no guidelines how to install metering systems. This paper suggested how to install meters and researched a method for how to analyze by using metered data. For that, Green Building in KIER is used as a test bed. As the results, nevertheless the smallest number of meters is basically one for the whole building energy measuring, it is too limited in analysis. So we needed to add the sort of fuel and utility types and found that it depends on all cases. For this reasons, a guideline should be created in order to install meters as soon as possible. It would be suggest a way to save more energy in building factor.