• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.155-175
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• 2013

Meantime there has been a tendency to keep silent about the role of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora which contributed to the spirit of independence and the realization of country foundation ideology in the official history of Latin America. In some countries, although the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora, which intended to establish a liberal and equal society resisting against slavery and colonization system, was the foundation of independence and the establishment of a new country, their contribution has been difficult to leave an official trace in Caucasian criollo-centered history system. Along with the development of Hcienda in 17th Century, black slaves' collective resistance was developed mainly with el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, the center of the Independence movement of Brazil and South America. The black people who escaped resisting against slavery formed communities and developed organized activities through various politics and social activities. However, such communities were mostly dispersed or destroyed by the colonial power, and the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora lost life. On the other side, in case of Colombia, a community of escaped black slaves which was formed in the early 17th Century is solely remaining in Latin America, moreover, Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's struggle for liberty and equality became the foundation for Comuneros revolution and Independence movement in the late 18th Century. Comuneros revolution which occurred in 1781 awoke self-awareness of liberty and equality, and became an ideological base for independence movement based on revolutional republicanism and philosophy of enlightenment. It is considered that South America's independence movement lead by $Sim{\acute{o}}n$ Boívar was a history that could not have started without historical base of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's resistance against colonization system. Therefore, this study intends to discuss the role and achievement of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora in the process of independence of Latin America mainly with Colombia, which is the center of Independence movement of South America. Through this process, this study intends to revaluate historical contribution of Afro-Ibero America which has been relatively neglected meanwhile in the process of independence and the establishment of country.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.44.1-44.7
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• 2020

The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), greatly varies from patient to patient. In the present study, we explored and compared mutation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from mildly affected and severely affected COVID-19 patients in order to explore any relationship between mutation profile and disease severity. Genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were downloaded from Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database. With the help of Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool, genomic sequences were aligned with the Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus reference sequence and all the mutations were identified. Distribution of mutant variants was then compared between mildly and severely affected groups. Among the numerous mutations detected, 14408C>T and 23403A>G mutations resulting in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P323L and spike protein D614G mutations, respectively, were found predominantly in severely affected group (>82%) compared with mildly affected group (<46%, p < 0.001). The 241C>T mutation in the non-coding region of the genome was also found predominantly in severely affected group (p < 0.001). The 3037C>T, a silent mutation, also appeared in relatively high frequency in severely affected group compared with mildly affected group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). We concluded that spike protein D614G and RdRp P323L mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are associated with severity of COVID-19. Further studies will be required to explore whether these mutations have any impact on the severity of disease.

• 대한의사협회지
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• 제61권12호
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• pp.724-731
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• 2018

Our faces can express a remarkable range of subtle emotions and silent messages. Because the face is so essential for complex social interactions that are part of our everyday lives, aesthetic repair and restoration of function are an important tasks that we must not take lightly. Soft-tissue defects occur in trauma patients and require thorough evaluation, planning, and surgical treatment to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes, while minimizing the risk of complications. Recognizing the full nature of the injury and developing a logical treatment plan help determine whether there will be future aesthetic or functional deformities. Proper classification of the wound enables appropriate treatment, and helps predict the postoperative appearance and function. Comprehensive care of trauma patients requires a diverse breadth of skills, beginning with an initial evaluation, followed by resuscitation. Traditionally, facial defects have been managed with closure or grafting, and prosthetic obturators. Sometimes, however, large defects cannot be closed using simple methods. Such cases, which involve exposure of critical structures, bone, joint spaces, and neurovascular structures, requires more complex treatment. We reviewed and classified causes of significant trauma resulting in facial injuries that were reconstructed by microsurgical techniques without simple sutures or coverage with partial flaps. A local flap is a good choice for reconstruction, but large defects are hard to cover with a local flap alone. Early microsurgical reconstruction of a large facial defect is an excellent choice for aesthetic and functional outcomes.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2010

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is broadly regarded as an excellent methodology for reverse genetics applications. Approximately 15,000 $M_3$ TILLING lines have been developed via the application of gamma-ray irradiation to rice seeds (cv. Donganbyeo), followed by subsequent selections. In an effort to evaluate the genetic diversity of the TILLING population, we have employed the AFLP multiple dominant marker technique. A total of 96 (0.64%) TILLING lines as well as Donganbyeo were selected randomly and their genetic diversity was assessed based on AFLP marker polymorphisms using 5 primer combinations. An average of 100.4 loci in a range of 97 to 106 was detected using these primer combinations, yielding a total of 158 (31.4%) polymorphic loci between Donganbyeo and each of the 96 lines. A broad range of similarity from 80% to 96% with an average of 89.4% between Donganbyeo and each of the 96 lines was also observed, reflecting the genetic diversity of the TILLING population. Approximately 28 polymorphic loci have been cloned and their sequences were BLAST-searched against rice whole genome sequences, resulting in 20 matches to each of the gene bodies including exon, intron, 1 kb upstream and 1 kb downstream regions. Six polymorphic loci evidenced changes in the coding regions of genes as compared to the rice pseudomolecules, 4 loci of which exhibited missense mutations and 2 loci of which exhibited silent mutations. Therefore, the results of our study show that the TILLING rice population should prove to be a useful genetic material pool for functional genomics as well as mutation breeding applications.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.291-296
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• 2019

영화 시장에서 분장은 산업의 발전에 따라 전문적인 기술의 다양한 분장 방법들이 선보이고 있다. 따라서 영화유형의 변화와 그에 따른 영화분장 트렌드 분석의 필요성이 요구 된다. 무성영화시대의 초기 분장 특징은 스테이지무대 메이크업 분장이 그대로 활용되었다. 유성영화시대의 분장 특징은 리얼리티를 살린 사실적이고 구체적인 분장이 표현되었으며 스트리트 분장, 캐릭터 분장, 특수효과 분장 및 CGI 분장을 볼 수 있다. 4차 산업의 발전으로 CGI특수효과는 영화의 배경뿐만 아니라 분장에서도 정교함과 사실적인 표현이 가능해 졌다. 영화에서 분장은 CGI분장을 단독으로 사용하는 것이 아니라 스트리트 분장, 캐릭터 분장, 특수효과 분장 등이 복합적으로 활용되고 있다. 따라서 다양한 분장 교육이 필요하며 향 후 국내 영화산업에서도 충분한 제정 확보로 특수효과분장 및 디지털 분장 기술부분의 교육 및 개선과 대책이 마련된다면 한국의 영화산업이 국내외 시장에서 더욱 활성화 될 것이라 사료된다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2019

대학 수업에서 학생들의 침묵은 학습 분위기에 부정적 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 학생들의 의견 표출과 관련한 동태적 행동 모형을 탐구함으로써 그 해결책에 관한 시사점을 얻고자 한다. 모형에 필요한 기본적인 변수들은 관련 문헌을 통해 추출하고 변수들 간의 동태적인 관련성 및 기타 중요 요소들은 설문조사를 통해 파악하였다. 작성된 모형은 행위자 기반의 컴퓨터 모형으로 구축하여 모의실험을 진행하였다. 실험 결과 개인의 행동은 주변 인원의 반응으로부터 영향을 받으며, 주변에 의견을 표출하는 인원이 많을수록 자신의 의견 표출에 대한 동기로 작용함을 발견하였다. 또한 호의적인 분위기는 비평적인 분위기에 비해 침묵의 비율을 현저히 감소시킬 수 있음을 확인하였고, 비평적인 분위기에서는 침묵의 다수 현상 또한 발생할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 제안된 모형은 의견 표출이나 침묵에 대한 행동 분석이 필요한 다양한 연구 분야에 기초적인 모형으로 제공 될 수 있으리라 기대한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.126-136
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• 2019

1895년 뤼미에르 형제에 의해 탄생한 영화는 최초의 것이 아니었다. 4년 전 영화 촬영기를 발명한 에디슨이 이미 수십 편이 넘는 영화를 만들고 있었기 때문이다. 이런 에디슨 영화는 상대적으로 저 평가되어왔다. 그것은 영화를 보여주는 플랫폼이 키네토스코프란 일인용 뷰어를 통한 방식이었기 때문이다. 그러나 영화 자체의 물리적인 특성은 현대영화와 동일하며 오히려 다른 초기영화들에 비해 독특한 미학적 차별성을 가지고 있다. 주제가 연예 오락 지향적이며 영상은 인위적 콘트라스트 특징을 가지고 있다. 또한 영화 탄생 이전의 작품임에도 허구 영화가 추구하는 중요 창작요소들과 장르를 선보이고 있으며 산업수준의 제작 시스템과 전문가들을 갖추고 있었다. 뤼미에르의 영화가 사실을 그려낸 다큐멘터리 영화의 시작이라면 에디슨 영화는 현대영화의 특징인 흥행을 추구하는 대중영화의 시작으로 사적(史的) 가치를 부여할만하다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2021

Purposes: In this study, we examined the factors which silenced the organizing members and how the factors affects deprivation of employment about the organization culture, the organizational silence, and the turnover intention. Methodology: In order to research, we carry out a survey on 400 employees of small and medium hospitals. Among them, 321 questionnaires were used for actual analysis, excluding insincere respondents, non-responders or duplicate respondents. In order to verify the hypotheses in this study, we conduct the covariance Structural Equation Model(SEM). Finding: We obtained results using following hypotheses. First, ''The organization culture has an effect on the turnover intention.'' Second, ''The organization culture has an effect on the organizational silence'' Third, ''The organizational silence has a influence on the turnover intention.'' Finally, ''When the organization culture mediates the organizational silence, the adaptation relationship of the ornization effectiveness is different.'', as the key hypothesis, showed that the agreement culture, rational culture, and hierarchical culture of the organization culture type were statistically significant. The organizational silence as a parameter has the partial mediating effects(-) because it has direct and indirect effects. Practical Implications: The results of this study showed that the reason for the organizational silence of the organizing members is that the organization culture by a grade of rank is the largest and these the organizational silence affects the turnover intention.

• 영미문화
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2010

By taking the form of a fictional autobiography, a Japanese American woman writer Lydia Minatoya tries to solve the inexpressible confliction which Japanese Americans experience in their living in America. In her first published fiction, Talking to High Monks in the Snow, the writer faithfully tries to follow the Japanese I-story tradition where meandering of personal petit histories and frequent self-pities are constructed without solid action, characters and plot. Here appear many accidental others whom function as significant yet fleeting subalterns. In contrast, in the second fiction, The Strangeness of Beauty published seven years later, the I-narratives undergoes some drastic transformations by authorial intrusion, dramatic and haiku styles, and appearances of actorial agents. Just working as an invisible yet important stagehand (kuroko in Japanese) behind the stage of life, the author now handles her own self-inquiry through more controllable distance and maturity as directors or photographers often do. However, despite achieving dramatic actions and artistic elegance mainly thanks to her adoption of western masterpieces's grand narratives, Minatoya seems to stop in the midway in her tallying work of fiction with fact by delaying the larger imaginable conflict through which the temporarily gained autonomy can be turned into a disaster anytime. Nonetheless, the reader feels relieved and encouraged after recognizing the fragile Asian female self's transformation as a new, flexible and autonomous self by her unwavering contact with two contrasting cultures and providing silent minority female characters with gradually stronger and uncannier voices.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2021

본 연구는 임상간호사의 태움에 대한 인식을 확인하기 위해 Q 방법론을 적용하여, 그 유형을 확인과 유형별 특성을 확인하는 데 목적을 둔 탐색적 연구이다. 총 111개의 Q모집단을 추출하여 최종적으로 38개의 Q 표본을 선정하였으며, 36명의 임상간호사를 통하여 11점 척도로 자료 수집을 하였다. 수집된 데이터는 PC QUANL 프로그램으로 분석되었다. 임상간호사의 태움에 대한 인식 유형은 3개 요인의 6개 유형으로 도출되었으며, 요인별 상위유형(감내형, 통과의례형, 위계질서형)과 하위유형(텃새형, 안정지향적 개인형, 대인관계 포기형)으로 구분되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 간호업무 환경을 개선시키기 위하여 대인관계 및 의사소통을 향상시키는 직장문화개선 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.