• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2015

본 시험은 팽이버섯 수확후배지 첨가비율(20, 40, 60%)에 따라 제조된 사일리지를 in vitro 반추위 발효실험을 통하여 버섯수확후배지의 적정 첨가수준을 규명하고자 수행되었다. In vitro 실험은 발효시간대를 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 및 48시간으로 설정하고, 각 처리구별로 3반복으로 발효 특성과 건물소화율이 측정되었다. In vitro 배양액의 pH는 배양시간이 길어짐에 따라 낮아지는 경향이었으며, 48시간 경과 시에는 버섯수확후배지 20%첨가구가 타 처리구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 낮았다. 가스발생량은 버섯 수확후배지 20%를 첨가한 S-20구의 6시간 및 12시간 발효구가 타 처리구에 비해 유의적(P<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 미생물 성장량은 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 줄어드는 경향이었으며, 발효 24시간대부터는 대체로 비슷한 수준에서 유지되었다. 건물소화율은 20-30%수준으로 버섯수확후배지의 첨가비율이 높을수록 낮았는데, S-40구의 경우는 발효 9시간이후로 지속적으로 증가되어 48시간 발효 시에는 S-20구와 비슷한 수준이 된 반면, S-60구에서는 전 발효기간 동안 건물소화율이 매우 낮은 상태에 있었다. 이전 보고에서 사일리지 발효상태는 S-40구가 좋았으나 in vitro 반추위 소화시험의 결과를 고려할 때, 수수 사일리지 제조 시 팽이버섯수확후배지 첨가비율은 20-30%수준으로 하는 것이 적당할 것으로 판단된다.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.91-101
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• 2017

본 연구는 팽이버섯 수확 후 배지를 첨가하여 호밀 사일리지 제조 시 팽이버섯 수확 후 배지를 에너지원으로서 사용하기 위하여 in vitro 반추위 발효실험이 수행되었다. 공시 사일리지는 출수기의 호밀에 팽이버섯 수확 후 배지 첨가비율(0%, 20%, 40%, 60%)에 따라 제조하여 6주일간 발효시켰다. In vitro 배양액 제조를 위한 반추위액은 농후사료와 볏짚을 40:60의 비율로 급여한 반추위 cannula가 시술된 Holstein 수소 2두로 부터 채취하였다. In vitro 실험은 발효시간대를 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 및 48시간으로 설정하고, 각 처리구별로 3반복으로 발효특성과 건물소화율을 측정하였다. In vitro 배양액의 pH는 발효시간이 길어짐에 따라 낮아지는 경향이었으며, 48시간 경과 시에는 버섯수확 후 배지 60% 첨가구가 타 처리구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮았다. 미생물 성장율은 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하는 경향이었으며, 발효 48시간 경과 시에는 버섯수확 후 배지 20% 첨가구가 타 처리구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높았다. Gas발생량은 48시간 발효 시에 대조구가 타 처리구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았다. 건물소화율은 버섯수확 후 배지의 첨가비율이 높을수록 높았는데, 발효 24시간 및 48시간에는 R-60구가 처리구 중에서 가장 높았으며(p<0.05), 대조구에서는 전 발효기간 동안 건물소화율이 현저히 낮은(p<0.05) 상태에 있었다. In vitro 반추위내 발효실험의 결과와 버섯수확 후 배지의 활용성을 고려할 때, 호밀사일리지 제조 시 팽이버섯 수확 후 배지 첨가비율을 원물기준으로 60%수준이 가장 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 향후 대사시험이나 사양시험을 통하여 가축사료로써의 최적 대체 비율을 규명해야 할 것으로 사료되는 바다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.967-972
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• 2004

Four Holstein$\times$Indigenous cows with ruminal canulas were used in a 4$\times$4 Latin square design with 28 d periods to determine the effect of replacing nonforage fiber source (NFFS) from cassava residues for non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and milk production. Dietary treatments contained 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (FNDF) from corn silage and 0, 3, 6 and 9% nonforage NDF from cassava residues and 11% nonforage NDF from other NFFS, so that levels of nonforage NDF were 11, 14, 17 and 20% dry matter (DM). Intakes of DM and net energy for lactation, average daily gain and milk fat percentage were not different (p>0.05). Ruminal pH, ammonia concentrations, acetate to propionate ratios, 24 h in sacco fiber digestibility significantly increased with increasing contents of nonforage NDF from cassava residues. Concentrations of VFA, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, milk protein percentage, production of milk and 4% FCM significantly decreased. These results suggest that NFC in diets is one of the limiting factors affecting productivity of dairy cows in the tropics and thus NFFS is better used as partial replacements for FNDF.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1450-1454
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• 2006

Three hundred and seventy-five steers (approximately 7 mo of age and $239.0{\pm}10.4kg$) were utilized to determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) supplementation and source on performance during the on-farm backgrounding and feedlot receiving phases of beef cattle production. At their respective ranches, steers were stratified by body weight into six groups. Groups were then assigned to one of six pens and pens were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co), 2) inorganic trace mineral ($CuSO_4$, $ZnSO_4$, $MnSO_4$, and $CoCO_3$), and 3) organic trace mineral (iso-amounts of organic Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co). Mineral treatments were fed in alfalfa pellets formulated to supply 360 mg of Zn, 200 mg of Mn, 125 mg of Cu, and 12.5 mg of Co per head per day from either organic or inorganic trace mineral sources. Control steers received alfalfa pellets with no additional Cu, Zn, Mn, or Co. Steers were allowed free access to harvested alfalfa-grass hay throughout the 30-d on-farm backgrounding phase. On day 30 post-weaning, steers were weighed and transported to the feedlot. Steers were blocked by treatment within ranch, stratified by initial body weight, and randomly assigned to one of 36 pens (9-12 head per pen; 12 pens per treatment). Steers remained on the same on-farm backgrounding trace mineral treatments, however, trace mineral treatments were included in the total mixed growing ration. Steers were fed a corn silage-based growing diet throughout the 28 d feedlot receiving period. There was no effect of TM supplementation on performance of steers during the on-farm backgrounding phase. By the end of the 28-d feedlot receiving phase, ADG was similar between control and trace mineral supplemented steers. Steers supplemented with organic TM had greater (p<0.05) ADG than steers supplemented with inorganic TM by the end of the 28-d feedlot receiving phase. Morbidity and mortality rates were similar across treatments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.639-646
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• 2007

본 연구는 섬유소공급원 7종, alfalfa hay cube (AHC), corn cob(CC), corn silage(CS), cotton seed hull(CSH), peanut hull(PHL), rice straw (RS), sugar cane bagasse(SCB)이 면양에서의 저작행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 평균체중 37.1 kg인 Corridale종 수컷 면양 5두를 공시하여 실험기간동안 각각의 섬유소공급원 45%와 corn-based 사료 55%의 비율로 하여 1일 2회(09:00, 21:00) 총 800g(dry matter basis)을 급여하였다. 저작횟수는 CC구에서 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었으며 CSH구에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었고(p<0.001), 그 외의 구에서는 중간정도였다. 반추소비시간은 RS구와 CC구가 각각 352분과 367분으로 높게 나타났다. kg NDF 섭취당 저작횟수는 CC구에서 가장 높았으나 kg NDF 섭취당 반추소비시간은 CSH구(p<0.001)를 제외하고 다른 구에서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 입자도의 분포는 RS구에서 더 길었으며 PHL구에서는 더 짧게 나타났다.이상의 결과로부터 섬유소 공급원에 따라 저작행동이 크게 영향을 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 섬유소 공급원에 따른 저작행동을 반추가축의 사료설계에 지표로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2018

Objective: The impact of forage feeding strategy on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility in post-weaning calves was investigated. Methods: Forty-five female Holstein calves (body weight [BW] = $79.79{\pm}0.38kg$) were enrolled in the 35-d study at one week after weaning and randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments. All diets were fed as total mixed ration containing 60% (dry matter [DM] basis) of basal starter feed and 40% (DM basis) of forage, but varied in composition of forage source including i) alfalfa (40% DM, AH); ii) alfalfa hay (26.7% DM)+oat hay (13.3% DM; OH); iii) alfalfa hay (26.7% DM)+corn silage (13.3% DM; WS). Results: Dry matter intake was not different among treatment groups (p>0.05). However, BW (p<0.05) and average daily gain (p<0.05) of calves fed AH and OH were greater than WS-fed calves, whereas heart girth was greater in OH-fed calves than those fed AH and WS (p<0.05). Ruminal fermentation parameters including proportion of butyric acid, acetated-to-propionate ratio, concentration of total volatile fatty acid, protozoal protein, bacterial protein, and microbial protein in rumen were the highest in OH (p<0.05) and the lowest in WS. Compared with the AH and WS, feeding oat hay to postweaning calves increased crude protein digestibility (p<0.05), and decreased duration of diarrhea (p<0.05) and fecal index (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that partially replacing alfalfa hay with oat hay improved ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, and reduced incidence of diarrhea in post-weaning dairy calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.646-653
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• 2013

Four crossbred Sindhi heifers with an average body weight (BW) of 135 kg and a mean age of 17 months were used to investigate the effect of feeding different combinations of rice straw and ensiled water hyacinth (EWH) supplemented with a source of protein in the form of cottonseed cake (CSC) on intake and digestibility. Four treatments consisting of graded levels of EWH were arranged in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square. The levels of EWH were set at: 0 (EWH0), 15 (EWH15), 30 (EWH30), and 45% (EWH45) of an expected total dietary dry matter (DM) intake of 30 g total DM per kg BW per day. Rice straw was offered ad libitum, while CSC was given at a fixed level of 5 g DM/kg body weight (BW). Voluntary intake and digestibility were measured consecutively in the 4 experimental periods which each lasted 28 days. The crude protein (CP) content of EWH, rice straw and CSC were 174, 53 and 370 g/kg DM, respectively. Rice straw had the highest neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) content (666 g/kg DM), followed by EWH (503 g/kg DM) and the lowest content was 418 g/kg DM in the CSC. The actual EWH contents in the consumed diets were 0, 17, 32 and 52% for EWH0, EWH15, EWH30 and EWH45, respectively. Rice straw intake decreased with level of EWH offered from 3049 for EWH0 to 1014 g/day for EWH45. Crude protein intake was 16, 25 and 33% higher (p<0.001) in EWH15, EWH30 and EWH45 treatments, respectively, as compared to EWH0. Digestibility of organic matter (OM), CP, NDFom and acid detergent fibre (ADFom) increased with increasing level of EWH offered. The highest OM digestibility (72.2%) was found for treatment EWH45 and the lowest (47.4%) for treatment EWH0. In spite of similar dietary CP contents, CP digestibility increased by 21 (EWH15), 31 (EWH30) and 40% (EWH45) with increasing level of EWH in comparison with treatment EWH0. It is concluded that increasing level of EWH in cattle diets considerably improved CP intake and digestibility of nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1997

Cage layer waste and sudex grass were ensiled in the proportions of 0:100, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 wet basis, respectively. The influence of ensiling cage layer waste on Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, and total number of colony forming units (CFU) was investigated. The nutritive value of the silages was evaluated in a digestion trial. The experiment was conducted with 24 wethers allotted to four silages. Initial samples of cage layer waste showed $0.11{\times}10^6$ CFU and salmonellae, Shigella and Proteus were present. Ensiling was effective in complete elimination of all the pathogens. Dry matter, crude protein and ash contents were increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste in the silages ($358g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $484g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; $76.3g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $183.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $38.5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $169.4g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; DM basis, respectively). Water solubles carbohydrate values for silages were 38.3, 22.5, 20.1 and $20.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis, respectively. Ensiling decreased the pH values for all the silages and the decrease was higher for sudex grass ensiled alone than grass ensiled with cage layer waste. Lactic acid concentration in silages increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and CP for the animals fed sudex grass silage alone were 496.0, 516.1, $496.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis respectively. However, digestibilities of all the components were higher (p < 0.01) for the animals fed silages containing cage layer waste. Among waste containing diets, the digestibilities of all the components showed quadratic affect (p < 0.01), increased for silages containing 30 and 40% cage layer waste and decreased when the level of waste increased from 40 to 50%. The results indicated that cage layer waste can be used upto 40% in ruminant diet as a source of N without any adverse effect on the health of animals. Ensiling appeared to be feasible and effective method for eliminating the pathogen present in cage layer waste.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1278-1284
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• 2000

An experiment was performed to evaluate different methods for preserving shrimp by-products and to determine their chemical composition. In the first experiment three ratios of shrimp by-product (SBP) to molasses (6:1, 4:1 and 3:1, wet weight), and to cassava root meal (3:1, 2:1 and 1:1, wet weight of shrimp by-product and air-dry weight of cassava root meal) were investigated. The pH of the SBP ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1, and with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1, decreased during the first week to below 4.5 and remained low up to day 56 of ensiling, whereas the pH of the mixtures with higher ratios of SBP remained above 7.0, and the material deteriorated rapidly. The dry matter decreased initially in all treatments but then increased slightly from day 28 in the treatment where shrimp by-product was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. The crude protein (CP) and ammonia-N $(NH_3-N)$ contents of the preserved shrimp by-product material ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 increased significantly one week after ensiling. The CP content then remained constant, while the $NH_3-N$ concentration continued to increase up to 56 days after ensiling. When SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1 the CP content of the silage increased significantly up to 21 days after ensiling and then decreased back to the original level after 56 days, whereas $NH_3-N$ increased markedly up to 14 days and then remained fairly constant up to 56 days. However, the $NH_3-N$ content was significantly higher when SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal than with molasses. A balance experiment was carried out, arranged as a double Latin-square and including 6 F1 (Large White ${\times}$ Mong Cai) castrates fed randomly one of three diets based on cassava root meal, rice bran, and fish meal (FM) or shrimp by-product ensiled with molasses (SBEMO) or with cassava root meal (SBECA) as the main protein source. Apparent organic matter and CP digestibilities were significantly (p<0.001) higher for the fish meal diet than for the two shrimp by-product diets, although CP digestibility in SBEMO and SBECA was similar (p>0.05). N-retention was significantly higher for the fish meal diet than for the SBEMO diet, which in turn was significantly higher than for the SBECA diet (p<0.01). It can be concluded that shrimp by-product can be preserved by ensiling with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 or with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. Nutrient digestibility and N-retention of diets based on these shrimp by-product silages were lower than for similar diets based on fish meal, probably due to their high chitin content and inferior amino acid balance.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2005

본 연구는 섬유소공급원 7종, alfalfa hay cube (AHC), corn cob (CC), corn silage (CS), cotton seed hull (CSH), peanut hull (PHL), rice straw(RS), sugar cane bagasse(SCB)의 반추위에서의 반추활동, pH, 완충능력과 전소화기관 내 소화율을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 공시 동물은 평균체중 37.1kg인 Corridale종 수 면양 5두 (3두는 반추위 fistula 부착)를 사용하였으며, 실험기간동안 공시동물에게 급여한 사료는 각각의 조사료원 $45\%$와 corn-based 사료 $55\%$의 비율로 하여 1일 2회 (09:00, 21:00) 총 800g(dry matter basis)을 급여하였다. Ruminal pH는 급여 후 4시간까지는 처리구 간에 차이가 없었지만 8시간 후 타 조사료원$(6.24\~6.61)$과 RS(5.78)간에는 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 반추위 내 완충능력은 SCB구, CC구와 비교하여 CS구에서 사료급여 후 0시간(p<0.05), 2시간(p<0.05)에 유의한 차이를 나타내었고, 사료급여 후 12시간 경과 시 AHC구를 제외한 CC구, CS구, SCB구와 RS구 보다 PHL구(p<0.01)에서 높게 나타났다. DM 소화율은 CS구에서 $78.19\%$로 타처리보다 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), DNF 소화율은 CC구, CS구, CSH구와 RS구가 다른 조사료원 급여구보다 높게 나타났다. (p<0.001).