• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.137-140
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• 2023

Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle originates from the lateral surface of tibia and its tendon attaches to the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal. The TA muscle is responsible for both dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot. We present a case of bilateral TA muscle variations that diverge slightly from the current classification systems of this muscle. Recognizing variations such as these may be important for anatomists, surgeons, podiatrists, and physicians. Following routine dissection, an accessory tendon of the TA muscle was found on both sides. Accessory tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor hallucis brevis joined to form a common tendon on both sides. We believe that this unique case will help further the classification systems for the tendons of the TA and also be informative for clinical anatomists as well as physicians treating patients with pathology in this region.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.35-38
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• 1996

The aim of this paper is to present a characterization of Hilbert spaces in terms of the lengths of four sides and two diagonals of a parallelogram.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.88-88
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• 1999

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.48-55
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• 2009

The feedback interference channels are those made through the multipaths that are built by moving and stationary objects around transmit and receive antennas mounted at the same point. This paper describes the method to measure the feedback interference channels in the rural regions and sides of highways and the analysis on channel characteristic parameters. Using the measured samples, we estimated scattering functions, delay power spectra, and Doppler power spectra, and we analyzed the channels using eight parameters including coherence bandwidth, coherence time, maximum excess delay, average excess delay, rms delay spread, Doppler shift, Doppler spread, and spread factor, and delay and Doppler cumulative distributions. Even though many observations are made, note that the feedback signals of high Doppler frequencies and large energy are observed in the sides of highways due to high speed vehicles while low Doppler frequencies occurred in the rural region due to rare traffic.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.85-96
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• 2006

This study analyzes a phenomenon observed in the problem-solving process using ICT that field learners prioritize functional and logical fields. The purpose of this study is to anticipate the future direction of education utilizing ICT and to explore what effort is needed to increase balanced ability of utilizing ICT in the area of education. To analyze the patterns of ICT usage in education, students were asked to solve the problems including functional and logical requests by using the program of framing document. That results were marked in accordance with standards framed in both functional and logical fields. As a result, students utilized the ICT functional field more than logical one. Therefore, we confirm learning through ICT is more effective on functional sides than on logical sides. We also confirm the excellency of ICT's functional sides in such variables as major, grade, computer capability and qualification, etc.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.277-288
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• 2017

Objective: Treating Class II subdivision malocclusion with asymmetry has been a challenge for orthodontists because of the complicated characteristics of asymmetry. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of dental and skeletal asymmetry in Class II subdivision malocclusion, and to assess the relationship between the condyle-glenoid fossa and first molar. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomographic images of 32 patients with Class II subdivision malocclusion were three-dimensionally reconstructed using the Mimics software. Forty-five anatomic landmarks on the reconstructed structures were selected and 27 linear and angular measurements were performed. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the average differences between the Class I and Class II sides; Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used for analyzing the linear association. Results: The faciolingual crown angulation of the mandibular first molar (p < 0.05), sagittal position of the maxillary and mandibular first molars (p < 0.01), condylar head height (p < 0.01), condylar process height (p < 0.05), and angle of the posterior wall of the articular tubercle and coronal position of the glenoid fossa (p < 0.01) were significantly different between the two sides. The morphology and position of the condyle-glenoid fossa significantly correlated with the three-dimensional changes in the first molar. Conclusions: Asymmetry in the sagittal position of the maxillary and mandibular first molars between the two sides and significant lingual inclination of the mandibular first molar on the Class II side were the dental characteristics of Class II subdivision malocclusion. Condylar morphology and glenoid fossa position asymmetries were the major components of skeletal asymmetry and were well correlated with the three-dimensional position of the first molar.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2020

Objectives: One of the most common complications of bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) is neurosensory impairment of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Accurate preoperative determination of the position of the IAN canal within the mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is recommended to prevent IAN dysfunction during BSSRO and facilitate neurosensory improvement after BSSRO. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial consisted of 86 surgical sites in 43 patients (30 females and 13 males), including 21 cases (42 sides) and 22 controls (44 sides). Panoramic and lateral cephalographs were obtained from all patients. In the experimental group, CBCT was also performed from both sides of the ramus and mandibular body. Neurosensory function of the IAN was subjectively assessed using a 5-point scale preoperatively and 7 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-surgery. Data were analyzed using Fisher's test, Spearman's test, t-test, linear mixed-model regression, and repeated-measures ANCOVA (α=0.05, 0.01). Results: Mean sensory scores in the control group were 1.57, 2.61, 3.34, 3.73, and 4.20 over one year and were 1.69, 3.00, 3.60, 4.19, and 4.48 in the CBCT group. Significant effects were detected for CBCT intervention (P=0.002) and jaw side (P=0.003) but not for age (P=0.617) or displacement extent (P=0.122). Conclusion: Preoperative use of CBCT may help surgeons to practice more conservative surgery. Neurosensory deficits might heal faster on the right side.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.309-312
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• 2010

Purpose: An osteoma is one of the common benign tumors that penetrate the nasal portion, paranasal and frontal sinus. This tumor is mostly found by radiation test accidentally, however in rare cases; it can be found to be touched or with its symptoms as the tumor grows. We report this case since we found and healed the benign tumor which was affecting orbit and the both sides of fronal sinus. Methods: A 19 year old female patient visited to our hospital due to the mass on her forehead. The symptoms began 3 years ago but no special symptom was found except for touchable mass. She was diagnosed as the osteoma of superior orbital parts and both sides of frontal sinus using X-ray and CT scanning. The size of osteoma was $5{\times}2.5{\times}3.5\;cm$ and indicated the patterns penetrated to the right side of orbital region. The osteoma excision was conducted with coronal incision and wide area of defect part in frontal sinus and superior orbital part were reconstructed by cranial bone graft and resorbable fixation plates. Results: The patient recovered without any postoperative infections or complications and symptoms. Dysaesthesia was found on her frontal area but improved in 1 month after the surgery. Conclusion: The occurrences of osteoma in frontal sinus are rare and can be treated with conservative methods if there are no infections and symptoms. We report this case since we found the benign tumor, which was affecting orbit and the both sides of fronal sinus and healed it with coronal resectomy without any complications.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 1991

This study was performed to observe the effect of micro-wave diathermy and ultrasonic-wave diathermy on the craniomandibular disorder patients. 19 patients were classified into 12 acute and 7 chronic groups according to the duration of 6 months. They were treated with micro-wave diathermy and ultrasonic-wave diathermy for 2 weeks and pain, maximum comfortable opening, active range of motion were checked before and after therapy. Electromyographic activities of temporal and masseter muscles were also measured at physiologic rest position, clenching and mastication before and after therapy. The obtained results were as follows : 1. After treatment, pain were reduced and active range of motion and maximum comfortable opening were increased. 2. Temporoal and masseter muscle activities of post-treatment in rest position, clenching and mastication were lower than those of pre-treatment. 3. In rest position, temporal and masseter muscle activities of pre-treatment on affected sides were higher than those on unaffected sides, but there were no differences in muscle activities between affected ad unaffected sides on clenching and mastication in pre and post-treatment respectively. 4. There were no significant differences in active range of motion, pain and maximum comfortable opening between acute and chronic groups in pre and post-treatment but there were significant differences between pre-treatment and post-treatment in acute and chronic groups respectively. 5. Muscle activities of masseter and temporal muscles in acute and chronic patients were reduced in rest position after treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.488-496
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• 2004

Oral & Maxillofacial surgery can lead to complications that result in abnormal sensation or movement. Inferior alveolar nerve(IAN) injury can result in dysesthesia, paresthsia of the lower lip and chin, so patients presenting with IAN damage suffer from sensory loss. But diagnosis of the nerve injury is largely limited to the subjective statements made by the patient. Distribution of sympathetic nerves parallels the distribution of the somatosensory nerves. Loss of sensory tone causes a concomitant loss of sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation of the cutaneous blood vessels that demonstrates greater heat loss. Digital infrared thermographic imaging(DITI) detects infra-red radiation given off by body. DITI can detect minute difference in temperature from different parts of the body and translates the amount of heat into quantitative data. The area of different temperature correlated with pain or disease can be visualized by corresponding color. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of DITI in objectively assessing IAN injury. The 19 normal subjects and the 14 patients underwent DITI scan. The normal subjects received unilateral IAN block anesthesia with 2 ml of 2% lidocaine (IAN bolck group) to evaluate temporary alteration in nerve function. Patient group were patients with unilateral IAN damage (dysesthesia or paresthesia) after surgical treatment(Mn. 3rd molar Extraction, etc.). The surgical procedure performed within 6 months of test. The results were as follows. 1. No significant differences in temperature were found between left and right sides of the lower lip and chin in the control group. 2. Significant temperature differences were found between the anesthetized and non-anesthetized sides of the lower lip and chin in the IAN block group. 3. Significant temperature differences were found between the involved and uninvolved sides of the lower lip and chin areas of the experimental group. The results of the study show that DITI can be an useful and effective means of objectively assessing and visualizing IAN damage.