• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptability of the amalgam restorations in applying the cavity varnish (Copalite$^{(R)}$) and dentin bonding agent (Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$) under the scanning electron microscope. For this study, eighteen sound extracted human molars were selected. Class I cavities in 12 teeth and class V cavities in 6 teeth were prepared using an air turbine with No. 701 tungsten carbide bur and finished using a low speed handpiece with No. 557 fissure bur. The prepared specimens were then divided into three groups including 4 class I cavities and 2 class V cavities in each group and restored as follows ; Group I. All the prepared cavities were restored with amalgam only (Control). Group II. Two layers of Copalite$^{(R)}$ cavity varnish were applied to the cavities with a gentle stream of air after each application and cavities were restored with amalgam. Group III. The enamel cavity margins were etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 60 sec., rinsed for 30 sec. and dried. One layer of visible lightcured Scotchbond Dental Adhesive$^{(R)}$ was applied and immediately cured for 20 seconds with visible light-cure unit and cavities were restored with amalgam. All the specimens were cut at the neck of the teeth and the occlusal halves of specimens were sectioned buccolingually in the longitudinal axis centering the amalgam restorations, using the disk. The cut specimens were ground with sandpapers (400, 600, 800, 1000 grit), and cleaned for 5 minutes in the ultrasonic cleaner (Brason Co. U.S.A.). In the cut surfaces, the amalgam - tooth interfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscope (JSM, 35C type, JEOL). The obtained results were as follows ; 1. The amalgam-tooth interfaces were reduced more significantly in the Copalite$^{(R)}$ and Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group than in the control group. 2. In the class I cavities, the Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group showed the findings similar to the Copalite$^{(R)}$ application group in the cavity floor, and the marginal adaptability was better in the side wall than in the cavity floor. 3. In the class I cavities, the Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group showed better marginal adaptability in the occlusal margin than in the gingival margin. 4. The marginal adaptability was in the order of the Scothbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group, the Copalite$^{(R)}$ application group and the control group.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.95-116
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• 2011

It is a true fact that the ancient Buddhist temples of Korea were great, important historical influence revealing the transition and developing stages of all the BUddhist temples in Eastern Asia including China and Japan. Before Mahayana arose within India, the monastery and pagoda were united during the conflict and development of the original Buddhism and pagoda faith. With the arising of Mahayana and the introduction of Buddhist statues, the Buddhist temple and pagoda were in conflict and resulted in separation. With the creation and development of the Mahayana Bodhisattva concept, Hinayana and Mahayana started to show doctrine differences and expressed each others' characteristics relevant to the structure of the temple. As a result, the Buddhist Temple having 1 pagoda spread in China together with Hinayana and Mahayana. The Buddhist temple of Hinayana had its temple and pagoda separated and the Buddhist temple that has a pagoda in front was divided into a form of 1 pagoda and 1 main temple. The temple and pagoda for Mahayana in the form of 1 pagoda and 2 temple, where the main statue of the Buddha may be worshipped from both the left and right hand sides, were separated in the form of 1 pagoda and 3 temples to have its original form again. Mahayana was first introduced into Goguryeo through the routes in the northern region and developed from having 1 pagoda and 2 temples, to having 1 pagoda and 3 temples. China was influenced by the southern regions, which is why Abhidharma was introduced into Baekje. Later on, the importance of Bodhisattva increased and the transition speed of the Buddhist temple having 1 pagoda and 3 temples accelerated, as Buddhism became more popular and as Mahayana flourished. The statue of the Buddha on both sides of the pagoda shall gradually move next to the central temple, and the temple shall form large crowds to not only form a tacit boundary with the pagoda but the expansion of Bodhisattva shall also have a wall or a corridor constructed in between the central, left and right hand side temples to form separate areas, and shall have a pagoda built in front of the temples that worship from both sides. In conclusion, independence shall exist among each Bodhisattva within the Buddhist temple, and the status of the pagoda shall fall and appear as the pagoda on both sides in front of the main Buddha statue.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.399-408
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the clinical and radiographic features of the dentigerous cysts in the jaws. For this study, the authors examined and analysed the clinical records and radiographs of 233 patients who had lesions of dentigerous cyst diagnosed by clinical and radiographic or histopathological examinations. And the obtained results were as follows: 1. Dentigerous cysts occurred the most frequently in the 2nd decade(38.2％) and occurred more frequently in males(67.4％) than in females(32.6％). 2. The most common clinical symptom was swelling of the jaw(33.9％), and the lesions were treated by the method of surgical removal. 3. The type of lesions was mainly observed as central type(72.5％), and size of the lesion was most frequently observed 2 - 2.9cm in the widest length. 4. The lesions were most frequently observed well-defined outline with hyperostotic border(49.8％), and smooth margin(73.4％), and homogeneous lesional radiolucency(79.4％). 5. Cortical thinning and expansion of the lesions(82.0％) were observed, and their direction were most frequently observed toward buccal side(64.0％). 6. The effect on the causative tooth were observed as tooth displacement(41.2％) and delayed root development(l9.3％), and the distance between cemento-enamel junction and lesional wall attachment of the causative tooth was mainly observed as below 2mm(79.6％). 7. The effect on the adjacent tooth were observed as loss of lamina dura(66.8％), root resorption(33.9％), and tooth displacement(31.5％). 8. The effects on the adjacent anatomic structures were observed as displacement of the mandibular canal(46.5％) and maxillary sinus or nasal cavity(72.2％).

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.114-121
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• 2009

The number of the disabled is increasing every year. Growing interest in social welfare, but still the disabled person in places is restricted on the activities are due to obstacles. This study proposes an improvement direction through an research and analysis of installation status of convenient facilities in social welfare halls was planned after that the law of increase of convenience for the disabled person is enforced in 1998. This study analyzed nine social welfare halls of seoul including Yongsan-gu(GW), Guro-gu(GD, HW), Yeongdeungpo-gu(SG), Seodaemun-gu(SD), Dobong-gu(DB), Nowon-gu(NS), Seongbuk-gu(WG) and Dongdaemun-gu(JG). The evaluation criteria for the installation of convenient facilities for the disabled person in each social welfare hall based on the law of increase of convenience for the disabled person, and referred to other data. Also, review the criteria for the installation of convenient facilities, and grasp the present situation through the survey of convenient facilities in social welfare halls, and provides the installation standards of convenient facilities. The result are as followings. There were many problems to be improved in approach of the intermediate space, parking lot, entrance of the inside space and corridor that must be installed for the convenience of the disabled. In the intermediate space, the slope of the ramp, curb, induction handle etc. for a safety must be installed. Parking spaces for the disabled must be located closest to the main entrance, an induction marker or the handle, and the attachment of a directional sign etc. must be improved. In the inside space, it is convenient for the disabled person use to install an automatic door and swing door simultaneously at the main entrance. And, the height of the door handle, an induction block, a braille display panels of the appropriate height in the entrance, a braille display in start and end of the stairs handle, the handle of the side wall, the stairs to prevent slippage etc. must be improved in the corridors. The case of the sanitation which is a recommendation item is equipped formally with disabled toilets are difficult to use. Information and other convenience facilities for the disabled person in all the social welfare halls were not considered.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.871-885
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• 2017

Nowadays, the construction of tunnels with a shallow depth drastically in urban areas increases. But the effect of sidewall displacement in shallow tunnel on its behavior is not well known yet. Most studies on the shallow tunnel have been limited to the stability and the failure of the tunnel and the adjacent ground in plane strain state. Therefore, the model tests were conducted in a model ground which was built with carbon rods, in order to investigate the impact of the tunnel sidewall displacement on the lateral load transfer to the adjacent ground. The lateral displacement of the tunnel sidewall and the load transfered to the adjacent ground were measured in model tests for various overburdens (0.50D, 0.75D, 1.00D, 1.25D). As results, if the cover depth of tunnel was over a constant depth (0.75D) in a shallow tunnel, the tunnel sidewall was failed with a constant shape not depending on the tunnel cover depth and also not affected by the opposite side of the wall. But, if the cover depth of tunnel was under a constant depth (0.75D), the failure of the tunnel sidewall could affect the opposite sidewall. In addition, if the displacement of tunnel sidewall with 50% of the critical displacement occurred, the tunnel failure was found to be at least 75%. However, additional studies are deemed necessary, since they may differ depending on the ground conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.336-345
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• 2001

The construction of underwater structures has been increased, but underwater concrete hassome problems of quality deterioration and contamination around in-situ of civil and architecture; therefore, new materials and methods for them are demanded. In this paper in-situ application of underwater antiwashout concrete which is manufactured for trio purpose of not only decreasing suspended solids and the heat of hydration but also increasing long term strength was studied. In the case of mock-up test(Ⅰ), when underwater antiwashout concrete, whose slump flow was 58 cm, was placed in the mock-up test at a speed of 24 ㎥/hr, it took about a minute to flow to the side wall, and the surface was maintained at horizontal level. In this case, compressive strength of the core specimens in each section was higher than the standard design compressive strength of 240 kgf/㎠. In the case of mock-up test(II), pH value and suspended solids of high strength underwater antiwashout concrete were 10.0∼11.0 and 51 mg/ℓ at 30 minutes later, initial and final setting time were about 30, 37 hr, and the slump flow of that was 53$\pm$2 cm. In the placement at a speed of 27 ㎥/hr, there was no large difference in flowing velocity, with or without reinforcement and flowing slope was maintained at horizontal level. In this case, compressive strength and elastic modulus of the core specimens somewhat decreased as flowing distance was far : however, those of central area showed the highest value.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.950-957
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• 2012

In this paper, a small round-ended slot loaded by double ridges on the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide is presented as an element for a waveguide slot-array antenna(WSAA). By properly adjusting the ridge dimension, a resonance of the slot at a desired frequency can be achieved. The resonant length of the proposed slot is about $0.26{\lambda}_0$(free space wave length) at the resonance frequency. The proposed resonant slot has some advantageous properties, such as small size, small resonant conductance, and short and stable resonant slot length. In addition, the characteristics of the slots are slightly affected by the adjacent elements when the slots are arrayed for a waveguide slot antenna. A $4{\times}1$ WSAA with -20 dB side-lobe level(SLL) is designed, fabricated, and tested experimentally. The measured results are well agreed with the simulated ones and have an SLL of -15.9 dB and a half-power beam width of $110.2^{\circ}$ in the E-plane and $21.2^{\circ}$ in the H-plane, respectively, at 9.41 GHz.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1967

The entry of antipyrine and urea from the peritoneal cavity of rabbit into organ tissue and blood plasma was studied. Two hundred mg of antipyrine plus 300 mg of urea in 10 ml Ringer's solution was injected into the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized rabbit. The injection was made from above of a rabbit kept tying right side down and it enabled part of the abdominal organs (liver, intestine, kidney) was immersed in the injected solution and kept high concentration gradient throughout the experimental period. The remaining part of the organs was revered only by a thin film of the test solution. Subsequently, in this part of the organs the concentration gradient of the diffusible substances during entry was presumed to decrease as time elapsed. Four pieces of the liver tissue were taken namely, the right superficial, right deep, left superficial and left deep portions. Two were taken from the small intestine, one from the portion which was immersed in. the fluid and the other from that above the fluid mass. Both kidneys were separately analyzed. As a remote organ the gastrocnemius muscle was taken from the right leg of the animal. The intervals which were the time periods elapsed after injections were 5,7,10,15 or 30 minutes. At each point 5 animals were sacrificed and the concentrations of the test substances in the tissue water were measured. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the liver the right portion which was immersed in the fluid showed higher concentration if the test substances than the left portion and the superficial region exceeded the deep region. The concentrations diminished as the time elapsed after infusion, particulary in the case of antipyrine, suggesting circulatory removal of the substances. In urea such decreasing tendency of the concentration was not obvious, and suggested slower removal rate of it as compared with that of antipyrine. 2. In the small intestine there was no regional difference in the concentration of the test substances. Because of the intestinal motility different portions of the intestine were seemed to have bathed in the fluid of the same concentration. In general the concentrations in the intestinal wall exceeded those of the liver, suggesting a slower removal rate than in the latter. 3. In the kidney the accumulation of the endogenous urea was predominant, and the accumulating mechanism in the renal tissue went on during the period of the experiment. Therefore it revealed increasing tendencies as the time elapsed. The penetration of the test substances in this organ from the peritoneal cavity seemed to be slower than in other abdominal organs, namely liver or small intestine. Part of the test substances in the kidney were obviously brought by the blood stream. 4. Rapid exponential decay of the concentration of antipyrine and of the osmolality of the peritoneal fluid was attributed to the extensive removal through the whole dimension of the peritoneal surface, and the remote organ such as the gastrocnemius muscle attained a fairly close value to that of the abdominal organs in less than 30 minutes. The factors which related to the absorption rate were discussed. They were the concentration gradient, permeability and the regional perfusion rate.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2018

The result of the study on the origin and preservation status of the 'Gongju Junghakdong old missionary house', the Registered Cultural Property No. 233, reveals that the building was approved on October 23, 1921, and missionary Alice H. Sharp was living in the building until her retirement from her missionary life of 39 years in Korea in 1939. In order to review internal and external preservation status of the building, condition of wood material, the composition of the window, the damage of the wall, and the leaning of the building were examined. In particular, in the case of window facilities, it is necessary to restore it to the original upper and lower sliding window. As a result of investigation of the preservation status of the external facilities, it is necessary to restore the original shape of the staircase and a deck of the building on south western side and the well. In addition, the results of the non-destructive diagnosis of the ground revealed that the building was built on uneven surface layer of 2-5 m thickness and the boundary between the surface layer and the upper part of the weathered rock is inclined following geomorphology. This phenomenon shows that when the water content of the ground increases in the rainy season, the bearing capacity of the ground is lowered, and there is a possibility of uneven subsidence. Especially, landslides may occur in case of heavy rain. Therefore, it is desirable to install a masonry facility at the southwest boundary of the site, and it is recommended to install a drainage facility to ensure rapid drainage.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.165-184
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• 1996

The earthquake(M=4.5 by KMA), which occurred in the northeastern part of Yeongweol($37^{\circ}$ 15.75' N, $128^{\circ}$ 42.13' E) on December 13, 1996, shows shallow focal depth(about 8.0km) and relatively large felt area covering most of the southern peninsula. This is the first medium-size earthquake in inland region of the southern peninsula since 1978. It did not trigger foreshock but 13 aftershocks($M{\;}{\geq}{\;}2.5$) for a month. The intensity based on the felt area estimation of about 400 places shows MIMI III-VII in inland region, II on Cheju Island and I on ulreung Island. The isoseismal of MIMI VII shows an elongated circle in the direction of NE-SW and covers some parts of Jungdong-myon, Yeongweol-kun, Sindong-eup and Nam-myun, Jeongseon-kun. There occurred quite strong shaking, numerous cracks on the walls of buildings, falling and movement of slate and tiles on the roofs, falling of tiles from the wall and falling of materials from desks, rock falling from mountain and collapse of gravel layers on the river side. Mainshock and aftershocks occurred condensely between Yemi and Hwaam areas. The felt area due to the Yeongweol earthquake is Quite larger than those of similar size earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula.