• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.325-335
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• 1999

Empetrum nigrum dominant community or Rhododendron mucronulatum and R. yedoense var. poukhanense dominant shrub community are developing above l,500m on Mt. Halla in Cheju Island, Korea. These communities were formed as a result of the forest of Abies koreana regression by grazing or erosion over a long period of time. This study was conducted using the phytosociological method and it clarified the floristic composition of the community in Cheju Island by comparing with a similar community in Japan. Also this study interpreted the development data of these communities and considered community succession. As a result of our interpretation, shrub community of Cheju Island is recognized as two associations, Festuco obinae-Empetretum nigrum ass. nov and Rhododendretum mucronulatum ass. nov. Each association of Cheju Island is composed of endemic species of Cheju Island. related to the Korean peninsula and to Japan. The two associations are divided into 8 sub-units but each community development has been created with longtime grazing and prescribed fire. Maybe the location stability by stoppage of interference and grazing will process community transition Quickly. Comparing the shrub communities of Cheju Island with Maianthemo-Rhododendretum in Kyushu, Japan, which is close geographically, both areas have the species of Miscanthetea sinesis and Ericaceae in common. But Cheju Island has more abundant species and has higher ratio of appearance of alpine plants. The shrub communities of Cheju Island and Kyushu. Japan are identified as having a different rank over Alliance.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.504-520
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• 2020

Proliferation of shrubs at the expense of native forage in pastures has been associated with large changes in dry-matter intake and dietary components for grazing ruminants. These changes can also affect the animals' physiology and metabolism. However, little information is available concerning the effect of pastoral-shrub grazing on the rumen bacterial community. To explore rumen bacteria composition in grazing yaks and the response of rumen bacteria to increasing shrub coverage in alpine meadows, 48 yak steers were randomly assigned to four pastures with shrub coverage of 0%, 5.4%, 11.3%, and 20.1% (referred as control, low, middle, and high, respectively), and ruminal fluid was collected from four yaks from each pasture group after 85 days. Rumen fermentation products were measured and microbiota composition determined using Ion S5™ XL sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and similarity analysis indicated that the degree of shrub coverage correlated with altered rumen bacterial composition of yaks grazing in alpine shrub meadows. At the phyla level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in rumen increased with increasing shrub coverage, whereas the proportions of Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia decreased. Yaks grazing in the high shrub-coverage pasture had decreased species of the genus Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group, Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group and Fretibacterium, but increased species of Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group, Ruminococcus 1, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and Lachnospiraceae UCG-008. These variations can enhance the animals' utilization efficiencies of cellulose and hemicellulose from native forage. Meanwhile, yaks grazed in the high shrub-coverage pasture had increased concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and branched-chain volatile fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate) in rumen compared with yaks grazing in the pasture without shrubs. These results indicate that yaks grazing in a high shrub-coverage pasture may have improved dietary energy utilization and enhanced resistance to cold stress during the winter. Our findings provide evidence for the influence of shrub coverage on the rumen bacterial community of yaks grazing in alpine meadows as well as insights into the sustainable production of grazing yaks on lands with increasing shrub coverage on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 낙동강 수계의 하도습지인 구담습지의 식물군락을 분류하고 식생의 수직적 구조에 따라 군락 특성을 파악하여 관리방안을 마련하는 것이다. 구담습지 식물군락은 식생상관적 분류를 통해 총 19개의 군락이 나타났으며, 식생 수직구조에 따라 교목 우점 군락, 관목 우점 군락, 초본 우점 군락으로 나누어 분석하였다. 군락 특성 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 종다양도 지수는 교목 우점 군락이 가장 높았으나 가시박과 같은 외래식물의 유입으로 종다양도 감소가 우려되었다. 관목 우점 군락은 관목식물의 종수에 의해서 종다양도 지수가 편중된 경향을 보였다. 초본 우점 군락은 종다양도 지수에 의해 습생초지 군락과 건생초지 군락으로 나뉘었고, 인위적인 교란으로 인한 종다양도 지수 감소에 대한 대책이 필요하였다. 중요치는 교목 우점 군락에서는 교목성 버드나무속이 가장 높았고, 관목 우점 군락에서는 족제비싸리와 같은 외래식물의 중요치가 높았다. 또한, 초본 우점 군락에서는 달뿌리풀과 같은 습생초지식물이 높았다. 서열법에 따른 분석결과, 교목 우점 군락과 관목 우점 군락은 외래식물 종수에 의해서 군락이 분화되었고, 초본 우점 군락은 계층 수와 경사도에 의해서 군락이 분화되었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each $400m^2$ area, it was composed of 24 in tree layer, 35 in subtree layer, 410 in shrub layer and 34% herb layer in the Pinus thunbergii community. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area was $10,852cm^2$ in tree layer, in subtree layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees was calculated as 2.0m in tree layer, 1.9m in subtree layer.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 1983

보문산의 관목시(灌木尸)을 대상(對象)으로 수종(樹種)의 종군(種群) 분류(分類)와 천이(遷移) 계열(系列)을 추정(推定)하기 위하여 $5{\times}5m$의 quadrat 22개소(個所) 선정(選定)하였다. 관목(灌木)의 분석(分析)에는 reciprocal averaging(RA) ordination 방법(方法)을 사용(使用)하였으며 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 보문산에 출현(出現)한 관목수종(灌木樹種)은 45종(種)이었으며 우세종(優勢種)은 Quercus aliena, Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum 등(等)이다. 2. RA ordination으로 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 보문산의 관목(灌木)은 Zanthoxylum schinifolium에서 Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora-Rubus crataegifolius 를 거쳐 Quercus류(類)로 천이(遷移)되며, 또 하나는 Stephanandra incisa-Corylus heterophylla에서 Lespedeza maximowiczii를 거쳐 Quercus류(類)로 천이(遷移)된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

Backgrounds: In arid grasslands, wells are subject to heavy trampling and grazing pressure, which can increase vulnerability to local land degradation. To investigate trampling and grazing, we surveyed plant communities at three well sites in the desert steppe of Mongolia, using 1600-m line transects from the wells. The sites (Bshrub, Sshrub, and shrubL) differed by concomitant shrub type (big shrub, small shrub, and shrub-limited) and livestock pressure (light, medium, and heavy). A plant classification scheme based on edibility and morphology (rosette or creeping type) was used to separate grazing and trampling effects on plant communities. Results: Edible plants were dominant at all sites but a fraction of grazing- and trampling-tolerant plants increased in the order Bshrub, Sshrub, and shrubL, following livestock pressure. Clear transition zones from inedible to edible plant groups were recognized but at different locations and ranges among the sites. Trampling-tolerant plants explained 90% of inedible plants at Sshrub with camels and horses, but grazing-tolerant plants prevailed (60%) at shrubL with the largest livestock number. Plant coverage increased significantly along the transects at Bshrub and Sshrub but showed no meaningful change at shrubL. Herbaceous plant biomass showed significant positive and negative trends at Bshrub and shrubL, respectively. Conclusions: Both grazing and trampling can produce larger fractions of inedible plants; in this, camel and horses can have considerable effects on desert-steppe plant communities through trampling.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.197-201
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• 1996

빈도측정을 고려한 삼림군집구조 조사시 관목층의 적정 조사구수를 결정하기 위하여 오대산국립공원지역 젓나무-활엽수 혼효림군집의 관목층을 대상으로 30개의 5m*5m 조사구를 설치한 후 종수-면적 곡선, performance curve 등을 적용하였다. 종수-면적 곡선에 있어서 누적조사구수의 증가율보다 출현종수의 증가율이 낮은 최소 조사구수는 6개였으며, 누적조사구수의 증가율에 비하여 출현종수의 증가율이 1/2 이하인 최소 조사구수는 11개이었다. 주요 수종의 중요치에 의한 performance curve를 작성한 결과 우점종과 준우점종의 구분이 뚜렷해지는 최소 조사구수는 5개이었으며, 준우점종 중 제 1의 준우점종이 구분되는 최소 조사구수는 10개이었다. 본 조사지를 대표한다고 할 수 있는 전체 조사구수 30개와 비교할 때, 종다양도는 조사구수 5개 이상에서 0.05 이하의 차이를 보였으며, 유사도지수는 조사구수 5개 이상에서 70% 이상, 10개 이상에서 80% 이상의 값을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 본 조사지인 젓나무-활엽수 혼효림군집 관목층의 무작위표본추출법에 의한 5m*5m 크기의 적정조사구수는 일반적인 경우 대체로 5개, 보다 정확성을 요구할 경우 대체로 10개이었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.80-94
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. In community planting, as a group of canopy, there are 6 species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata, Quercus alienna, Quercus variabilis. As a group of understory, there are 5 species; Platycarya strobilacea, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Morus bombycis. Also as a group of shrub, there were 15 kinds of species; Ulmus pavifolia, Ulmus davidiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Mallotus japonicus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sorbus alnifolia, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rosa wichuraiana, Rhus chinensis, Viburnum erosum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense, Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And as a group of edge vegetation, there were 10 kinds of species; Japanese Angelica, Symplocos chinensis, Pittosporum tobira, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus coreanus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis thunbergii, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Rosa multiflora. Vegetation restoration models of Pinus thunbergii community were calculated the units $400m^2$ for the average populations of the woody layer is 24 in canopy layer, 35 in understory layer, 410 in shrub layer, 34% herbaceous layer ground cover. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area is $10,852cm^2$ in canopy layer, in understory layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees is calculated as 2.0m in canopy layer, 1.9m in understory layer.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.80-94
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• 1992

To inspect the changing of the forest soil and plants community structrure by air plooutand & acid rain during from September to November in 1990, the smapling sites were selected in the Piwon, Namsan and Kwangnung forest. In sites, plots were set up in Q. aliena forest at Piwon, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora forest at Kwangnung. To obtain the individual number of trees, number of species, importance values and species diversity, using the Curtis & McIntosh methods. The results are following that; 1) In Pinus densiflora community, it was almost dominated by Q. spp. in the canopy layer and P. densiflora and Carpinus laxiflora through the subtree to shrub layer at Kwangnung. It wassaid that C. laxiflora is the climax species in moddle temperature zone. On the contrary, in Namsan forest, there is no appearance thesamplings of P. densiflora & C. laxiflora, but Styrax japonica and Stephanandra incisa that are acid-tolerance species are dominant ones. On the other hand, in Q. spp. community, Q. spp. and C. laxiflora are dominant ones. On the other hand, in Q. spp. community, Q. spp. and C. laxiflora are dominant species through all layer, and in addition C. cordata somewhat appear at Kwangnung. But at Namsan and Piwon forest, Q. mongolica & Q. aliena that were dominant species in canopy layer disappeared in the subtreeand shrub layer, and C. laxiflora and Corunus cordata absolutely disappeared. It were similarly dominated by Robinia pseudo-acacia, Styrax japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Rhododendrn mucronulatum and so on at Namsn and Piwon forest. In the light of these facts, it found out that disclimax was similar between Namsan and Piwon forest. 2) Species diversity and maximum species diversity were decreased in Kwangnumg, Namsan, Piwon in order. It was xpected that vegetational community was affected by environmental pollutant. 3) As the vegetational community structure analyses, using DCA technique among the ordination, ecological successional series are stopped to Q. spp. from P. densiflora at Namsan and Piwon, but that of Kwangnung is on the way that P. densiflora, Q. alena, C. laxiflora. It was obvi ously different from Namsan and Piwon. 4) In Q. spp. & P. densiflora community, the number of woody plants inNamsan & Piwon is much less than that of Kwangnung through all Layer. Especially, Piwon shown very severe difference. Through all community, the number of individuals of Piwon and Namsan are less than that of Kwangnung. Specially, that of the shrub layer is obvious. 5) In the growth rate of trees, it found out that all sites showed the growth decline phenomena. Especially, since in 1975, there have been the micro disclimax phenomena in Q. community of Kwangnung. 6) In the Q. community, soil acidity of Namsan & Piwon measured 4.57, 4.40 respectively. It was very strong acidity and far lower than that of Kwangnung. Also the content amount of Mg++ in Namsan & Piwon forest were still lower than Kwangnung.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2010

본 연구는 한국 온대중부지역 소나무림 군락식재 모델을 제시하기 위해 충청남도 당진군 일대 소나무림을 대상으로 다양한 경급의 소나무림을 조사하였다. 유령림부터 장령림까지 총 $10{\times}10m(100m^2)$의 방형구 92개소를 설치하고, 출현개체별 규격을 모두 조사하였으며, 개체간 생육거리 분석을 위해 44개 조사구에 대해서는 1/100 scale로 교목층과 아교목층 수목의 위치를 조사하였다. 분석결과, 모든 조사구의 교목층은 양호하게 발달해 있었으나, 아교목층의 흉고단면적이 교목층의 10%에 미치지 못하고 있었으며, 관목층의 경우 일정한 피복율을 보이지 않고 조사구마다 매우 다양하였다. 이에 소나무 군락식재는 교목층과 관목층의 구조로 조성하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었으며, 관목층의 경우에는 특정 경향이 없어 식재하려는 인접 지역의 소나무림을 별도로 조사하여 적용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다. 군락식재 모델을 위한 소나무 교목층 흉고직경급별 단위면적당 생육개체수 및 단위면적당 생육개체수와 생육수목간 최단거리와의 회귀식은 높은 설명력을 보였다.