• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 1995

To investigate the forest structure in Ijontong Cholto area, twenty four plots were set up (each l0$\times$10m ) and surveyed. According to the analysis of ordination by DCA, community divided into 5 groups. The divided groups are Quercus serrata -Q. valiabilis community(I), Q. serrata - Pinus densiflora community(II), Q. mongolica - Lindera obtusiloba community(III), Carpinus laxiflora - Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community(IV) and Acer mono community(V). So the successional trends seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. serrata, Q. valiabilis, Q. mongolica to C. laxiflora, C. cordata, A. mono in canopy layer. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii to A. pseudo-sieboldianum, L. obtusiloba. But some sites were likely to become Q. mongolica edaphic climax.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1994

To investigate the forest structure in valley of Kumpotan-Paekryunsa of Tokyusan National Park, fourty plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, community divided by 8 groups. The divided groups are Carpinus laxiflora-C. cordata community(I), Pinus densiflora-C. laxiflora-Quercus serrata community(II), C. laxiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora community(IV), Q. spp. community(V, Ⅵ), and Fraxinus mandshurica community(Ⅶ, Ⅷ). In the analysis of ordination techniques, DBH distribution, environmental variables etc., community Ⅶ and Ⅷ were pointed out edaphic climax. So the successional trends seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to C. laxiflora, C. cordata, F. mandshurica in canopy layer. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Rhus trichocarpalongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosalongrightarrowStaphylea bumalda, Weigela subsessilis. According to the results of the analysis for the relationship between environmental variables and species, F. mandshurica correlated with exchangeable cations significantly.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 1994

Stages of vegetation development on talus area were studied to examine temporal changes in species composition and vegetation structure, and to elucidate the mechanism of early patch formation. While ground coverage of lichens, which may form substrate for moss colonization and mitigate the heat-stress on rocks, decreased gradully, coverage of mosses increased slightly during primary succession. Ecological role of mossess related with water retention in community may be very important not only at pioneer stage but also at later stages because of little soil development on this talus area. Species diversity and species richness increased during the early stages of succession. Parthenocis년 tricuspidata and Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipa dominated in liana stage, Ulmus davidiana for. suberosa and Lindera obtusiloba in shrub stage, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Actinidia arguta in subtree stage, however, was composed of mixed forest of several tree species. U. davidiana for. suberosa, L. obtusiloba, Securinega suffruticosa and Rhus chinensis were relatively important woody species in early patch forming process. The results, however, suggested that early establishment on talus area might be strongly associated with chance for safe-site because both pioneer species and later species could take part in early patch forming process.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and their change of Pinus densiflora forests by climate change in Mt. Hallasan. The results showed that the areas of P. densiflora forests of Mt. Hallasan varied by region, with a total area of 1,324.3 ha, concentrated mostly in the region 1,000 m - 1,400 m above sea level. The temperate coniferous forest zone are distributed in the upper part of temperate forest zone composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Most of the P. densiflora forests in the lower parts were found not to be spreading because they are located close to the deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, the P. densiflora forests in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions composed of the grasslands and shrub forests were found to be spreading. In addition, the altitude of the P. densiflora forests distribution increased by about 50 m and 90 m in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions, respectively. The spread rate is expected to become faster than in the past due to the rate of climate change. The structure of the vegetation in Mt. Hallasan and the changes in the vegetation due to various factors need to be investigated from a long-term point of view.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1325-1330
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• 2008

Salix koriyanagi is a deciduous shrub and native to Korea. The spatial distribution of multilocus allelic frequencies and geographical distances of the natural population in upper swampy area at the Namgang River in Korea were studied. The species showed a significant positive and negative spatial autocorrelation according to geographical distances as measured by Moran's I. Genetic similarity of individuals was found among subpopulations at up to a scale of a 12 m distance, and this was partly due to a combination of allelic frequencies, and therefore, a significant spatial autocorrelation was composed of a scale of 12 m intervals. Within S. koriyanagi in swampy area at the Namgang River, a strong spatial structure was observed for allozyme markers, indicating a migration within subpopulations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.270-282
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• 1997

This investgation was performed to provide basic data for the management program of the Soraksan national park. Sixty plots were set up and surveyed in the Sinhungsa-Wasondae Area. The vegetation was divided into two communities, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus serrata community, according to the analysis of DCA ordination. It was found out that the succession of the Pinus densiflora comunity would proceed to Quercus serrata community of which components was dominant in understory layer and shrub layer. And it was found out that in the Quercus serrata community the Pinus densiflora being mainly big size in DBH would becomr dominant comtinuously. Shannon's diversity of both community were 1.2554 and 1.1134 respectively. The numbers of woody species per 100m$^{2}$ ranged 7 to 26, and the average number of woody species was 13.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.451-462
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• 1995

A comparative study on the minimal areas and the community structures in pine IPinus densiflora) and oak (Quercus mongolica) frests was carried out. Basic tools used in the present study were species diversity and classical ayntaxonomy (Z.-M. School) of the phytocoenosis. Total 120 nest-quadrats in 40 stands situated at the syngeographical region of the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae were investigated. Each stand was classified on the basis of species combination, and species abundance was computed with net contribution degree (NCD). Composition ratio of plant-from and rate of actual species diversity (ASD) to syntaxa were computed for better interpretation of the minimal areas. Four syntaxa were structured: Saso-Quercetum mongolicae, Viola albida-Quercus mongolica community, Carex hummilis-Pinus densiflora community and Juniperus rigida-Pinus densiflora community. Their minimal areas were determined as 305, 196, 169, and 81 ㎡, respectively. Aconsistent regularity between species composition ratio and community structure in the multi-layered plant community was hardly found. The minimal areas increased linearly with increasing rate of ASD, and a phytocoenosis developed by diverse arboreta in the understory and shrub-layer should be investigated with larger sampling sizes.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.149-163
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• 2015

The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity of woody species at different altitudes (900 to 2600 m asl) in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas in Garhwal Himalaya, India. A total of 94 woody plant species (including 44 tree and 50 shrub species) belonging to 72 genera and 44 families were reported. Density varied from $235{\pm}9$ to $505{\pm}21trees\;ha^{-1}$ and $4,730{\pm}474$ to $9,530{\pm}700shrubs\;ha^{-1}$. Total basal cover varied from $10.49{\pm}0.66$ to $42.92{\pm}2.57m^2ha^{-1}$ (trees) and $0.36{\pm}0.024$ to $0.62{\pm}0.047m^2ha^{-1}$ (shrubs). Shannon-Wiener Index fluctuated between 2.30 to 3.53 (trees) and 2.74 to 3.78 (shrubs). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that altitude and aspect had significant effect on the distribution of woody species. Taxonomically, Rosaceae with 15 species emerged as the dominant family. Low value of maturity index and contiguous distribution of species denoted the early successional status of the studied forests. The conservation assessment based on altitudinal regimes and the information on species structure and function can provide baseline information for monitoring and sustaining the biodiversity.