• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2019

This study designs a squat posture recognition system that can provide correct squat posture guidelines. This system comprises two modules: a Kinect camera for monitoring users' body movements and a Wii Balance Board(WBB) for measuring balanced postures with legs. Squat posture recognition involves two states: "Stand" and "Squat." Further, each state is divided into two postures: correct and incorrect. The incorrect postures of the Stand and Squat states were classified into three and two different types of postures, respectively. The factors that determine whether a posture is incorrect or correct include the difference between shoulder width and ankle width, knee angle, and coordinate of center of pressure(CoP). An expert and 10 participants participated in experiments, and the three factors used to determine the posture were measured using both Kinect and WBB. The acquired data from each device show that the expert's posture is more stable than that of the subjects. This data was classified using a support vector machine (SVM) and $na{\ddot{i}}ve$ Bayes classifier. The classification results showed that the accuracy achieved using the SVM and $na{\ddot{i}}ve$ Bayes classifier was 95.61% and 81.82%, respectively. Therefore, the developed system that used Kinect and WBB could classify correct and incorrect postures with high accuracy. Unlike in other studies, we obtained the spatial coordinates using Kinect and measured the length of the body. The balance of the body was measured using CoP coordinates obtained from the WBB, and meaningful results were obtained from the measured values. Finally, the developed system can help people analyze the squat posture easily and conveniently anywhere and can help present correct squat posture guidelines. By using this system, users can easily analyze the squat posture in daily life and suggest safe and accurate postures.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the swing and aerial motion of Kovacs, and evaluate the skill level of Kovacs by Korean adult players on horizontal bar. Method: The subjects for this study were 6 male top athletes participated in the 46th National Gymnastics against Cities and Provinces. After the motions of Kovacs were filmed by digital highspeed camcorder setting in 90 frames/s, kinematical data were calculated through DLT method. The variables were computed in the lapse time, the joint angle, the position·velocity of body COG, the inferred tension force of bar, and body COG path were simulated according to skill level of Kovacs. Results: Firstly, it was revealed that the lapse time was 1.19±0.03 s in the swing phase, and 0.83±0.03 s in the aerial phase. Secondly, it was revealed that the shoulder·hip joint motions of S1 and S2 were better than the other subjects in the swing phase, and the knee joint motions of S1 and S2 were better than the other subjects in the aerial phase. Thirdly, it was revealed that the horizontal·vertical velocity of body COG were -1.40±0.03 m/s, 3.80±0.07 m/s respectively, and the vertical positions of S1 and S2 were higher a little than the other subjects. Lastly, the skill level of Kovacs of this subjects was evaluated into 3 steps; excellent, advanced, normal. They need to train the swing motion including a giant circle, and body motions in the air. Conclusion: It would be suggested that Korean domestic players should improve to increase the vertical velocity at release instant and train to control the limbs elaborately in the air.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2022

It is known that chronic pain and injury of upper limb joint tissue in manual wheelchair users is usually caused by muscle imbalance, and the propulsion speed is reported to increase this muscle imbalance. In this study, kinematic variables, electromyography, and ultrasonographic images of the upper limb were measured and analyzed at two different propulsion speeds to provide a quantitative basis for the risk of upper extremity joint injury. Eleven patients with spinal cord injury for the experimental group (G_E) and 27 healthy adults for the control group (G_C) participated in this study. Joint angles and electromyography were measured while subjects performed self-selected comfortable and fast-speed wheelchair propulsion. Ultrasound images were recorded before and after each propulsion task to measure the acromiohumeral distance (AHD). The range of motion of the shoulder (14.35 deg in G_E; 20.24 deg in G_C) and elbow (5.25 deg in G_E; 2.57 deg in G_C) joints were significantly decreased (p<0.001). Muscle activation levels of the anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii increased at fast propulsion. Specifically, triceps brachii showed a significant increase in muscle activation at fast propulsion. AHD decreased at fast propulsion. Moreover, the AHD of G_E was already narrowed by about 60% compared to the G_C from the pre-tests. Increased load on wheelchair propulsion, such as fast propulsion, is considered to cause upper limb joint impingement and soft tissue injury due to overuse of the extensor muscles in a narrow joint space. It is expected that the results of this study can be a quantitative and objective basis for training and rehabilitation for manual wheelchair users to prevent joint pain and damage.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.57-72
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• 2022

This study categorized and analyzed the body types of adult women in their 20s and 30s using 3D human measurement data from the 8th Size Korea, and intended to construct body shape and dimension data necessary for modeling Korean standard avatars. Data analysis considered data from 1302 adult women in their 20s and 30s, and a total of 49 index values, drop values, and angle items were subjected to factor analysis and one-way ANOVA to categorize the body type, and Duncan test to post-verify significant differences by type. As a result of conducting factor analysis, 13 factors were extracted and were categorized into 4 body types. Type 1 is short in the upper torso, long in the lower torso, long in the arms and legs, and has a upright body shape and sagging shoulder. Type 2 is short in the torso, arms and legs, and has large torso flexion and lower body circumference. Type 3 has abdominal obesity with small torso flexion and lower body circumference. Type 4 is a small body bending forward type. For the distribution of body types by age among those in their 20s and 30s, the highest appearance rate was Type 1 and was therefore selected as the represntative body type. The body type information of this study will be used as basic data for developing standard avatars.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.600-607
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• 2008

이 논문은 방향성 2차원 타원형 필터(Multiple Oriented 2D Elliptical Filters;MO2DEFs)를 사용하여 스테레오 영상으로부터 포즈에 강인한 사람 검출을 제안한다. 기존의 물체 지향 크기 적응 필터(Object Oriented Scale Adaptive Filter;OOSAF)는 정면을 보고 있는 사람만을 검출하는 단점을 지니고 있는데 반해 제안한 방향성 2차원 타원형 필터는 사람의 크기나 포즈에 관계없이 사람을 검출하고 추적한다. 2D 공간-깊이 히스토그램에 특정 각도로 향하는 4개의 2차원 타원형 필터들을 적용하고, 필터링 된 히스토그램에서 임계값을 통해서 사람을 검출한 다음, MO2D2EFs 중 승적 결과가 가장 큰 2차원 타원형 필터의 방향을 사람의 방향으로 판단한다. 사람 후보들은 얼굴을 검출하거나 검출된 사람의 선택된 방향의 머리-어께 형태를 정합함으로서 검증한다. 실험 결과는 (1) 포즈 각도 예측의 정확도는 약 88%이고, (2) 제안한 MO2DEFs를 사용한 사람 검출의 성능이 OOSAF를 사용한 사람 검출의 성능보다 $15{\sim}20%$만큼 향상되었으며, 특히 정면이 아닌 사람의 경우에 더 향상이 있었다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2007

The subject of this study was male apparatus gymnastics athlete who had scored high points doing basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars. Then 3D motion analysis were used to calculate & analyse kinematic variables of Basket with 1/2 turn to Handstand. 1. The total average time spent for Basket with 1/2 turn took $2.16{\pm}.08sec$, at the downward upward phase took $.58{\pm}0.00sec$, $.23{\pm}.00sec$, at flight phase took $.28{\pm}.01sec$, at connected area phase took $.72{\pm}0.21sec$, at rotation area phase took $.35{\pm}.14sec$. To have a successful performance, there should be faster speed and velocity to rotate at the downward upward phase, then the upward velocity and height must be used adequately. Moreover, the speed must be faster at the flight connect phase to stabilize Center of Mass(CM) for the body, and must secure more time at the rotation area to have more stable performance. 2. After handstand on parallel bars while moving CM to right hand side, and It must be performed with big and magnificent performance with putting both hand's center to far away from the parallel bars. 3. Furthermore, CM must be moved fast from downwards to right hand side, and CM must be moved fast in vertical movement at upward and flight phase to avoid CM from moving back and forth, and left and right. 4. At downwards, the subject must rotate as bis as possible using hip-joint as wide as possible and at upwards, must put his body to vertical to have stable performance. While rotating or turning, it is better to do with bigger shoulder angle and have to make sure that trunk angle must be not scattered. To perform better and more positive in basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars, the centrifugal force must be used big and fast at downward, and at upward and flight phase, downward movement must change to vertical movement as soon as possible while turning movement must happen at handstand position. Time spent must be shorten at connected area to stabilize CM and turning must be natural as possible while securing the necessary time of movement to well-balanced. Also, the body must be vertically closed from the ground.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Background: Thoracic spine self-mobilization exercise is commonly used to manage patients with neck pain. However, no previous studies have investigated the effects of thoracic spine self-mobilization exercise alone in patients with chronic neck pain. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thoracic self-mobilization using a tool on cervical range of motion (ROM), disability level, upper body posture, pain and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in patients with chronic neck pain. Methods: The subjects were 49 patients (21 males, 28 females) with chronic neck pain. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 23) and control group (CG, n = 26). For the EG, thoracic self-mobilization was applied. We placed a tool (made with 2 tennis balls) under 3 different vertebral levels (T1-4, T5-8, T9-12) of the thoracic spine and the subjects performed crunches, which included thoracic flexion and extension in supine position. Five times × 3 sets for each levels, twice a week, for 4 weeks. Cervical pain, disability, upper body posture, FABQ results, and ROM were evaluated at baseline, after 4 weeks of intervention, and at 8 weeks of follow-up. Assessments included the quadruple visual analogue scale (QVAS); Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire (NPQ); craniovertebral angles (CVA), forward shoulder angle (FSA) and kyphosis angle (KA) measurements for upper body posture; FABQ and cervical ROM testing. Results: The EG showed a statistically significant improvement after intervention in the QVAS (-51.16%); NPQ (-53.46%); flexion (20.95%), extension (25.32%), left rotation (14.04%), and right rotation (25.32%) in the ROM of the cervical joint; KA (-7.14%); CVA (9.82%); and FSA (-4.12%). Conclusion: These results suggest that, for patients with chronic neck pain, thoracic self-mobilization exercise using a tool (tennis balls) is effective to improve neck pain, disability level, the ROM, and upper body posture.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2019

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 둔부근육의 협착, 틀어진 체형, 어깨 통증이 있는 기혈순환이 나쁜 대상자들을 상대로 기혈테라피의 효과를 탐색하는 것이었다. 방법: 기혈테라피와 교정 기혈운동을 사용 하였다. 결과: 기혈테라피를 시술하기 전에 둔부 근육이 거의 움직이지 않았지만, 시술한 후에는 근육의 탄력이 회복되었고 회색으로 경화되었든 피부의 색상도 밝아지었고 항문 괄약근에도 힘이 생기었다. 대상자의 체형이 우측으로 -7°가량 틀어지면서 우측 팔이 좌측팔에 비해서 약 6 cm정도 길었었으나, 체형교정 후에는 우측 팔의 길이가 약 5 cm 정도 줄어들었고, 틀어졌던 체형이 거의 평형을 이루었다. 목 및 어깨교정 후에는 쇄골과 목의 간격이 7 cm로 간격이 넓어졌고, 승모근을 풀어준 후에는 10 cm로 넓어졌으며, 어깨통증이 많이 완화 되었다. 골반교정 후 둔부통증이 완화되었고, 고관절의 위치가 바르게 돌아왔다. 좌측으로 45°각도 틀어졌던 우측다리가 바르게 교정이 되었으며, 4 cm 정도 길었던 우측 다리의 길이도 좌우가 같아졌다. 둔부통증 및 무릎통증도 완화되었다. 골반교정 기혈운동 후에 대상자 1의 고관절의 위치가 바로 잡히어 좌측으로 45°각도 틀어졌던 우측다리가 바르게 교정이 되었고, 4 cm 정도 길었던 우측 다리의 길이도 좌우가 거의 같아졌다. 대상자2는 교정 전에는 무릎이 붙지가 않았고, 오른쪽 무릎이 왼쪽에 비해서 위로 5 cm 정도 올라갔었으며, 발목이 좌측에 비해서 30° 각도로 굽어져 있었는데, 교정 후에는 두 다리의 무릎이 안정되게 붙일 수 있게 되었고, 무릎의 높이도 같아 졌으며, 발목꺾임이 각도도 정상으로 교정이 되었다. 결론: 꾸준하게 기혈테라피와 척추교정 및 골반교정 기혈운동을 한다면 틀어졌던 체형도 바르게 회복되고, 아픈 통증도 완화되어 관련 질환들을 예방 및 치유하는데 효과가 있다고 본다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

목적: 65세 이상의 상완골 근위부 골절 환자에 대하여 다축 각안정 잠김 압박 금속판 (Non-Contact-Bridging proximal humerus plate, Zimmer, Switzerland, NCB)을 이용하여 내고정술을 시행하고 그 임상적, 방사선적 결과를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2007년 8월부터 2011년 1월까지 65세 이상의 상완골 근위부 골절 환자 중 NCB 금속판을 이용하여 내고정술을 시행한 32명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 평균 연령은 71세 였으며 평균 추시 기간은 11.5개월이였다. 골절의 분류는 2분 골절이 14예, 3분 골절이 18예였다. 임상적 평가는 VAS 점수와 Constant 점수를 이용하였으며, 방사선학적 평가는 골유합 시기와 Paavolainen 방법으로 경간각을 평가하였다. 결과: 최종 추시 시 VAS 점수는 평균 3점, Constant 점수는 평균 64.5점이었으며 모든 예에서 수술 후 평균 16.2주에 골유합을 얻었다. 방사선학적 평가 결과 최종 추시 시 경간각은 평균 125.9도로 우수 24예, 양호 8예이었다. 강선 파열 1예 및 지연유합 1예, 경미한 금속판의 견봉하 충돌로 인한 통증 호소 3예 등의 합병증이 관찰되었으며 정복소실, 나사 이완, 불유합, 상완골 골두의 무혈성 괴사 등은 없었다. 결론: NCB 금속판을 이용한 내고정술은 골절의 고정 및 정복의 유지가 어려운 고령의 상완골 근위부 골절 환자의 치료에 효과적인 수술 방법 중 하나로 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 1988

남자 초 중 고등학생의 척추측만증 유병률을 알아 보고자 1988년 5월 부산 시내 남자 2개 국민학교 4학년 463명, 1개 중학교 1학년 543명, 1개 고등학교 1학년 387명 총 1,393명을 대상으로 국민학생에게는 시진으로, 중 고등학생에게는 시진과 폐결핵 집단검진을 위해 실시한 흉부X-선 간접촬영을 이용하여 조사하였다. 이상소견으로 나타난 학생의 체중, 신장, 평소 가방을 메고 다니는 방향을 조사하였다. 만곡의 크기는 Cobb's 방법을 이용하였다. 사진과 흉부X-선 간접촬영 어느 한쪽이라도 척추에 이상소견으로 판정된 학생은 국민학생 15명(3.2%), 중학생 174명(32.0%), 그리고 고등학생 92명(23.8%)이었다. 그러나 시진과 흉부X-선 간접촬영 모두 이상소견으로 일치되는 경우는 중학생 2.2%, 고등학생 2.6%이었으며 Cobb's 각이 $5^{\circ}$ 이상인 척추측만증은 중학생 1.1%, 고등학생 2.3%였다. 두가지 조사방법에 모두 이상소견을 보인 학생들의 가방메는 방향과 척추만곡의 방향은 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 두가지 조사방법중 어느 한가지에 이상소견을 보인 281명의 평균체중과 신장은 같은 나이의 우리나라 표준체중과 신장에 비해 국민학생의 경우 체중은 거의 같았으나 신장은 표준신장보다 약간 작았다. 중학생은 표준치보다 체중은 1.4kg, 신장은 4.3cm 작았고 고등학생의 평균 체중과 신장은 모두 표준치보다 약간 더 높았다. 본 조사성적으로 미루어 보아 고등학교 상급학년에는 척추측만증 유병률이 더 높을 것이며 여학생들에게는 남자보다 더 흔하므로 척추측만증은 간과할 수 없는 학교보건문제로 생각된다. 또한 척추측만증 예방을 위해 가방의 무게를 줄이고, 학교에서 바른 자세를 갖도록 교육하고, 주기적으로 체조를 시키도록 하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.